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Robert Heiner - Criminology in Brief: Understanding Crime and Criminal Justice

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This book offers a short and accessible introduction to criminology. Written in a clear and direct style, criminological theories are made more accessible for undergraduates, and the workings of the criminal justice system are explained. Students will learn not only how the criminal justice system works, but also how it does not work. Beyond introducing students to the basics, the book provides a persuasive argument that the criminal justice system we have in the United States comes nowhere close to our ideals for justice, doing little good in terms of crime control, while doing great harm to minorities and the poor.

Engaging and far-ranging, this text offers a condensed approach to the key themes and debates surrounding crime and justice, and covers definitions and measurements of crime, criminological theories, crime typologies, and contemporary issues in the criminal justice system. It includes chapters on:

  • Criminological Methods and Data
  • Biological, Psychological, and Classical Theories of Crime
  • Sociological Theories of Crime
  • Patterns of Crime
  • The Police
  • The Courts
  • Corrections and the American Prison System

Written by an experienced textbook author, this book offers a critical approach to the subjects discussed and draws on topical examples such as Black Lives Matter, the militarization of the police, plea bargaining and the War on Drugs. It is essential reading for Criminology courses within a Sociology Major and will also be of interest to Criminal Justice majors, law students, policymakers, and informed citizens.

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Criminology in Brief sets itself apart from the established criminology - photo 1
Criminology in Brief sets itself apart from the established criminology textbooks by seeking to serve as a foundation for a criminology course rather than trying to serve as a criminology course itself. Heiner discusses key criminological concepts and theories in a way that provides the reader with a foundation upon which they can engage with up-to-date criminological research in class settings and while reviewing empirical articles. This book is highly recommended for instructors who teach introduction to criminology courses.
Michael S. Barton, Associate Professor of Sociology, Louisiana State University
Robert Heiners Criminology in Brief is a unique textbook that bridges the gap between sociology and criminal justice, and is written in a style that is perfect for undergraduates who take courses in either discipline. Heiners critical approach provides students, practitioners, and indeed informed citizens, with a better understanding of crime and the criminal justice system.
Todd M. Krohn, Instructor of Sociology, University of Georgia
Criminology in Brief
This book offers a short and accessible introduction to criminology. Written in a clear and direct style, criminological theories are made more accessible for undergraduates, and the workings of the criminal justice system are explained. Students will learn not only how the criminal justice system works, but also how it does not work. Beyond introducing students to the basics, the book provides a persuasive argument that the criminal justice system we have in the United States comes nowhere close to our ideals for justice, doing little good in terms of crime control, while doing great harm to minorities and the poor.
Engaging and far-ranging, this text offers a condensed approach to the key themes and debates surrounding crime and justice, and covers definitions and measurements of crime, criminological theories, crime typologies, and contemporary issues in the criminal justice system. It includes chapters on:
Criminological methods and data
Biological, psychological, and classical theories of crime
Sociological theories of crime
Patterns of crime
The police
The courts
Corrections and the American prison system
Written by an experienced textbook author, this book offers a critical approach to the subjects discussed and draws on topical examples such as Black Lives Matter, the militarization of the police, plea bargaining, and the War on Drugs. It is essential reading for Criminology courses within a Sociology Major and will also be of interest to Criminal Justice majors, law students, policymakers, and informed citizens.
Robert Heiner received his PhD in Sociology at the University of Virginia. He is on the faculty at Plymouth State University; and he has authored or edited numerous textbooks, including a Social Problems textbook now in its fifth edition.
Criminology in Brief
Understanding Crime and Criminal Justice
Robert Heiner
First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon - photo 2
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2021 Robert Heiner
The right of Robert Heiner to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-0-367-32162-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-32163-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-31707-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Giovanni, Stone Sans, and Helvetica
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
For those who want more justice from our justice system.
Contents
List of illustrations
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 2 Biological, psychological, and classical theories of crime
Biological theories: Lombroso, first and still emblematic
Psychological explanations for crime
Classical and rational choice theories
CHAPTER 3 Sociological theories of crime
Sociological thinking about crime
Karl Marx (conflict theory)
Emile Durkheim (functionalism)
Social disorganization theory
Robert Merton
Edwin Sutherland
Albert Cohen
Gresham Sykes and David Matza (techniques of neutralization)
Labeling theory
Travis Hirschi (control theory)
Stanley Cohen (moral panics)
Freda Adler and the emergence of feminist theory
Richard Quinney (class, state, and crime)
Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson (routine activities theory)
John Braithwaite (reintegrative shaming)
Developmental and life-course theories
Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 Patterns of crime
Part I: Violent crime
Part II: Nonviolent crime
CHAPTER 5 The police
History of the police
Police powers and the potential for abuse
Recruitment and training
Police work
Police discretion
Race
The militarization of the police
Conclusion
CHAPTER 6 The courts
Some legal basics
The structure of the American court system
Election of court officials
Adversarial versus inquisitorial systems
Public defenders
Jury selection
Plea bargaining
Prosecutors gone wild
Conclusion
CHAPTER 7 Corrections
Why punish?
The history of prisons
The structure of the American prison system
The prison boom
Life inside
After release
Community-based corrections
The death penalty
Conclusions
Index
Figures
2.1 Thomas Hobbes social contract
3.1 Shaw and McKays division of Chicago into concentric zones
3.2 Sutherlands theory of differential association
3.3 The symbolic interactionist model
3.4 Braithwaites reintegrative and disintegrative shaming
4.1 Number of violent crimes per 100,000 population by year
4.2 Homicide rates per 100,000 in five largest U.S. cities, 19902009
4.3 Homicides by firearms per one million population
4.4 A specific-behavior cycleburglary
4.5 African Americans involved in the criminal justice system
4.6 Arrests for drug sales, Baltimore,
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