Henry L. Tischler - Introduction to Sociology, 10th Edition

T E N T H E D I T I O N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O S O C I O L O G Y H E N R Y L . T I S C H L E R Framingham State College Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Introduction to Sociology, 2011, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Tenth Edition Henry Tischler ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, Senior Publisher: Linda Schreiber or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, Sociology Editor: Erin Mitchell taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Assistant Editor: Rachel Krapf Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Editorial Assistant: Rachael Krapf Media Editor: Melanie Cregger For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Manager: Andrew Keay Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Marketing Assistant: Jillian Myers For permission to use material from this text or product, Marketing Communications Manager: Laura submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Localio Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com. Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Caryl Gorska Library of Congress Control Number: 2009935324 ISBN-13: 978-0-495-80440-6 Print Buyer: Linda Hsu ISBN-10: 0-495-804440-1 Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text: Roberta Broyer Wadsworth Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image: 20 Davis Drive Leitha Etheridge-Sims Belmont, CA 94002-3098 Production Service: Elm Street USA Publishing Services Text Designer: Diane Beasley Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce Photo Researcher: Kelly Franz, locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Pre-PressPMG Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at www.cengage.com/global. Illustrator: Integra Cover Designer: RHDG Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Cover Image: Jed Share and Kaoru/Corbis Nelson Education, Ltd. Compositor: Integra To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com.

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 What I know about society could fi ll a book.What I dont would fi ll the world.Dedicated to my fellow travelers in the journey of lifeLinda, Melissa, and Ben.This page intentionally left blankContents in BriefvThis page intentionally left blankContents Analyze the Data and Draw Conclusions 39 Prepare the Research Report 41 How Sociologists Do It How to Spot a Bogus Poll 38Day-to-Day Sociology Truth in the Courtroom versus Truth in theSocial Sciences 40How Sociologists Do It How to Read a Table 42Sociology in Strange Places Famous Research Studies You CannotDo Today 44 Th e Sociological Imagination 5 Is Sociology Common Sense? 7 Sociology and Science 7 Sociology as a Social Science 7 Auguste Comte (17981857) 11 Harriet Martineau (18021876) 11 Herbert Spencer (18201903) 12 Culture and Biology 52 Karl Marx (18181883) 13 Culture Shock 52 mile Durkheim (18581917) 14 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 53 Max Weber (18641920) 16 Th e Development of Sociology in the United States 17 Material Culture 54 Nonmaterial Culture 55 Functionalism 19 Th e Origin of Language 57 Confl ict Th eory 19 Language and Culture 59 Th e Interactionist Perspective 20 Symbolic Interactionism 20 Symbols and Culture 60 Contemporary Sociology 22 Th eory and Research 22 Mechanisms of Cultural Change 62 Cultural Lag 63 How Sociologists Do It If You Are Thinking About Sociology as a Animals and Culture 63 Career, Read This 6Day-to-Day Sociology Too Smart to Marry? 8 Types of Subcultures 64 How Sociologists Do It Is There a Difference between Sociologyand Journalism? 10Our Diverse Society Who Is at Most Risk for Suicide? 16 Th e Division of Labor 65 Sociology in Strange Places What Do People Do Online? 21 Marriage, the Family, and the Incest Taboo 66 Rites of Passage 66 Ideology 66 Global Sociology Struggling to Accept the Jury System 54Global Sociology Is There a Culture Clash between the United Defi ne the Problem 30 States and Saudi Arabia? 58 Review Previous Research 31 Day-to-Day Sociology Symbols in Cyberspace 60 Develop One or More Hypotheses 32 Sociology in Strange Places Doing Research in a War Zone 67 Determine the Research Design 33 How Sociologists Do It The Confl ict between Being a Researcher Defi ne the Sample and Collect Data 35 and Being a Human Being 68viiviii CONTENTS Day-to-Day Sociology Can You Spot a Liar? 107News You Can Use Laugh and the World Laughswith You 110 Nature versus Nurture: A False Debate 76 Sociobiology 76 Deprivation and Development 79 Th e Concept of Self 80 Dimensions of Human Development 81 Primary and Secondary Groups 122 Charles Horton Cooley (18641929) 83 Defi ning Boundaries 124 George Herbert Mead (18631931) 83 Choosing Leaders 124 Sigmund Freud (18561939) 84 Making Decisions 125 Erik H. Erikson (19021994) 84 Setting Goals 125 Assigning Tasks 125 Th e Family 86 Controlling Members Behavior 125 Th e School 86 Peer Groups 88 Small Groups 127 Television, Movies, and Video Games 90 Large Groups: Associations 127 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 128 Marriage and Responsibility 93 Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 130 Parenthood 93 Career Development: Vocation and Identity 93 Webers Model of Bureaucracy: An Ideal Type 131 Bureaucracy Today: Th e Reality 132 Th e Iron Law of Oligarchy 132 Sociology in Strange Places Can Socialization Make a Boy into aGirl? 77 Social Institutions 133 Day-to-Day Sociology Does Day Care Create UnrulyBrats? 87 Social Organization 133 Our Diverse Society Win Friends and Lose Your Future: The Costs ofNot Acting White 89Sociology in Strange Places Are You Really My Friend? FacebookDay-to-Day Sociology Television Made You the Designatedand Intimate Communication 123Driver 91How Sociologists Do It Can One Bad Apple Spoil the WholeGlobal Sociology To Succeed in Japan, Give All the Credit to YourGroup? 126Boss 94Day-to-Day Sociology The Strength of the Informal Structure in JobHunting 129Our Diverse Society Limiting Technology to Save theCommunity 130 Contexts 104 Norms 104 Ethnomethodology 106 Dramaturgy 106 Making Moral Judgments 140 Nonverbal Behavior 107 Th e Functions of Deviance 140 Exchange 109 Th e Dysfunctions of Deviance 140 Cooperation 109 Confl ict 109 Internal Means of Control 141 Competition 109 External Means of Control: Sanctions 141 Statuses 110 Biological Th eories of Deviance 143 Roles 112 Psychological Th eories of Deviance 145 Role Sets 113 Sociological Th eories of Deviance 146 Role Strain 114 Role Confl ict 114 Th e Emergence of Laws 150 Role Playing 115 Crime Statistics 153 Global Sociology Cross-Cultural Social Interaction Quiz 105 CONTENTS ix Juvenile Crime 155 Violent Crime 156 Property Crime 156 White-Collar Crime 156 Th e Caste System 198 Victimless Crime 156 Th e Estate System 199 Victims of Crime 158 Th e Class System 200 Th e Police 159 Modernization Th eory 200 Th e Courts 160 Dependency Th eory 201 Prisons 160 A Shortage of Prisons 165 World Health Trends 201 Women in Prison 165 Th e Health of Infants and Children in Developing Countries 202 Th e Funnel Eff ect 166 HIV/AIDS 204 Truth in Sentencing 166 Population Trends 204