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Lennart Edsberg - Introduction to Computation and Modeling for Differential Equations

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Lennart Edsberg Introduction to Computation and Modeling for Differential Equations
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Introduction to Computation and Modeling for Differential Equations is an ideal text for courses in differential equations, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, and numerical methods at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. The book also serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in the fields of mathematics, engineering, and computer science who would like to refresh and revive their knowledge of the mathematical and numerical aspects as well as the applications of scientific computation.

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Copyright 2008 by John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Published by - photo 1

Copyright 2008 by John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Published by - photo 2

Copyright 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com . Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission .

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Edsberg, Lennart, 1946

Introduction to computation and modeling for differential equations / Lennart Edsberg.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-27085-1 (cloth)

1.Differential equationsData processing. 2. Differential equationsMathematical models. I. Title.

QA371.5.D37E37 2008

515.350285dc22

2007046848

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To the Memory of Professor Germund Dahlquist
a Warm-hearted Humanist
and
a Great Numerical Analyst

List of Figures

General and particular solution
Propagation of a solution of the advection equation
3D graph of a propagating solution
An example of numerical instability
An example of insufficient accuracy
Numerical solution of the advection equation
A BVP compared with an IVP
Asymptotic stability and stability
Eigenvalues in the complex plane
Stability of critical points
Particle dynamics in 2D
Planetary motion in 2D
A simple electrical network
Block diagram of a servo mechanism
A simple compartment model
Example of solution trajectories
Example of phase portraits
loglog diagram showing the order of accuracy for explicit Euler
Graphical definition of the local and global errors
Solution of Robertsons problem, in linear and logarithmic diagrams
Stability region of Eulers explicit method
Stability region for Eulers implicit method
Stability region for the trapezoidal method
Stability region for the classical Runge-Kutta method
Numerical instability for the leap-frog method
Measurements and solution curves before and after the Gauss-Newton method
Steady heat transport by a fluid through a pipe
Concentration profile in a spherical catalyst particle
Displacement of a loaded beam
Counter flow heat exchange
Blasius boundary layer flow
Example showing nonuniqueness for a BVP
Spurious oscillations in the advection-diffusion equation
Graph showing the idea behind the shooting method
A piecewise linear ansatz function
A piecewise linear basis function, a roof function
The derivative of a roof function
The fundamental solution of the heat equation, = 1
DAlemberts solution of the wave equation, c = 1
The geometrical meaning of the normal derivative
Region of definition, , in the x-t-plane
3D visualization of a solution u(x,t) of the heat equation
Hot flow in a cylindrical pipe
2D model of time-dependent flow in a pipe
2D grid of
Stencil for the heat equation
Stencil moving along the grid
Grid for a MoL discretization
Unstable numerical solution of the heat equation
Crank-Nicolsons method
Region and boundaries for a rectangular heat conduction problem
The flow around a circular obstacle
Deformation of an elastic plate
Minimal surface problem
2D grid
Stencil for discretized laplacian.
Ordering of unknowns
The region discretized with the FDM
A region to be discretized with the FEM
Triangular discretization of a region
A pyramid function
Local numbering of the nodes of a linear element
Solution of the wave equation
Solution of the advection equation
Characteristics for the nonlinear advection equation
Characteristics for the linear advection equation
Evolution of density and temperature for Eulers 1D model
Stencil for the FTBS method
Stable and unstable numerical solution of the advection equation
Stencil for central differences applied to the wave equation
Spring-damper System
The vibrating string
Tank filled with water
Continuously stirred tank reactor
Illustration of the continuity equation
Hot fluid in a cylindrical pipe
Solution of heat conduction problem with Comsol Multiphysics
Simple electric circuit
Pipe with fluid heated by an electric coil
Region and boundaries for a rectangular heat problem
Discretization of the rectangular region
Region and boundary conditions for the L-shaped area

Preface

This material is developped from a course in Numerical Solution of Differential Equations given at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm. This specific course is directed to masters degree students in the program Scientific Computing and to students from application-oriented programs such as chemical, mechanical, and material engineering. The goal is to give an introduction to scientific computing for differential equations. One problem encountered for a course like this was to choose an appropriate textbook covering 1) mathematical modeling and numerical solution, 2) ordinary and partial differential equations, and 3) finite difference and finite element methods.

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