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Anshul Joshi [Anshul Joshi] - Julia for Data Science

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Anshul Joshi [Anshul Joshi] Julia for Data Science

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Explore the world of data science from scratch with Julia by your side

About This Book

  • An in-depth exploration of Julias growing ecosystem of packages
  • Work with the most powerful open-source libraries for deep learning, data wrangling, and data visualization
  • Learn about deep learning using Mocha.jl and give speed and high performance to data analysis on large data sets

Who This Book Is For

This book is aimed at data analysts and aspiring data scientists who have a basic knowledge of Julia or are completely new to it. The book also appeals to those competent in R and Python and wish to adopt Julia to improve their skills set in Data Science. It would be beneficial if the readers have a good background in statistics and computational mathematics.

What You Will Learn

  • Apply statistical models in Julia for data-driven decisions
  • Understanding the process of data munging and data preparation using Julia
  • Explore techniques to visualize data using Julia and D3 based packages
  • Using Julia to create self-learning systems using cutting edge machine learning algorithms
  • Create supervised and unsupervised machine learning systems using Julia. Also, explore ensemble models
  • Build a recommendation engine in Julia
  • Dive into Julias deep learning framework and build a system using Mocha.jl

In Detail

Julia is a fast and high performing language thats perfectly suited to data science with a mature package ecosystem and is now feature complete. It is a good tool for a data science practitioner. There was a famous post at Harvard Business Review that Data Scientist is the sexiest job of the 21st century. (https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century).

This book will help you get familiarised with Julias rich ecosystem, which is continuously evolving, allowing you to stay on top of your game.

This book contains the essentials of data science and gives a high-level overview of advanced statistics and techniques. You will dive in and will work on generating insights by performing inferential statistics, and will reveal hidden patterns and trends using data mining. This has the practical coverage of statistics and machine learning. You will develop knowledge to build statistical models and machine learning systems in Julia with attractive visualizations.

You will then delve into the world of Deep learning in Julia and will understand the framework, Mocha.jl with which you can create artificial neural networks and implement deep learning.

This book addresses the challenges of real-world data science problems, including data cleaning, data preparation, inferential statistics, statistical modeling, building high-performance machine learning systems and creating effective visualizations using Julia.

Style and approach

This practical and easy-to-follow yet comprehensive guide will get you learning about Julia with respect to data science. Each topic is explained thoroughly and placed in context. For the more inquisitive, we dive deeper into the language and its use case. This is the one true guide to working with Julia in data science.

Downloading the example code for this book. You can download the example code files for all Packt books you have purchased from your account at http://www.PacktPub.com. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit http://www.PacktPub.com/support and register to have the code file.

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Chapter 1. The Groundwork Julia's Environment

Julia is a fairly young programming language. In 2009, three developers (Stefan Karpinski, Jeff Bezanson, and Viral Shah) at MIT in the Applied Computing group under the supervision of Prof. Alan Edelman started working on a project that lead to Julia. In February 2012, Julia was presented publicly and became open source. The source code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia). The source of the registered packages can also be found on GitHub. Currently, all four of the initial creators, along with developers from around the world, actively contribute to Julia.

Note

The current release is 0.4 and is still away from its 1.0 release candidate.

Based on solid principles, its popularity is steadily increasing in the field of scientific computing, data science, and high-performance computing.

This chapter will guide you through the download and installation of all the necessary components of Julia. This chapter covers the following topics:

  • How is Julia different?
  • Setting up Julia's environment.
  • Using Julia's shell and REPL.
  • Using Jupyter notebooks
  • Package management
  • Parallel computation
  • Multiple dispatch
  • Language interoperability

Traditionally, the scientific community has used slower dynamic languages to build their applications, although they have required the highest computing performance. Domain experts who had experience with programming, but were not generally seasoned developers, always preferred dynamic languages over statically typed languages.

Julia is different

Over the years, with the advancement in compiler techniques and language design, it is possible to eliminate the trade-off between performance and dynamic prototyping. So, the scientific computing required was a good dynamic language like Python together with performance like C. And then came Julia, a general purpose programming language designed according to the requirements of scientific and technical computing, providing performance comparable to C/C++, and with an environment productive enough for prototyping like the high-level dynamic language of Python. The key to Julia's performance is its design and Low Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) based Just-in-Time compiler which enables it to approach the performance of C and Fortran.

The key features offered by Julia are:

  • A general purpose high-level dynamic programming language designed to be effective for numerical and scientific computing
  • A Low-Level Virtual Machine ( LLVM ) based Just-in-Time ( JIT ) compiler that enables Julia to approach the performance of statically-compiled languages like C/C++

The following quote is from the development team of JuliaJeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, and Alan Edelman:

Note

We are greedy: we want more.

We want a language that's open source, with a liberal license. We want the speed of C with the dynamism of Ruby. We want a language that's homoiconic, with true macros like Lisp, but with obvious, familiar mathematical notation like Matlab. We want something as usable for general programming as Python, as easy for statistics as R, as natural for string processing as Perl, as powerful for linear algebra as Matlab, as good at gluing programs together as the shell. Something that is dirt simple to learn, yet keeps the most serious hackers happy. We want it interactive and we want it compiled.

(Did we mention it should be as fast as C?)

It is quite often compared with Python, R, MATLAB, and Octave. These have been around for quite some time and Julia is highly influenced by them, especially when it comes to numerical and scientific computing. Although Julia is really good at it, it is not restricted to just scientific computing as it can also be used for web and general purpose programming.

The development team of Julia aims to create a remarkable and never done before combination of power and efficiency without compromising the ease of use in one single language. Most of Julia's core is implemented in C/C++. Julia's parser is written in Scheme. Julia's efficient and cross-platform I/O is provided by the Node.js's libuv.

Features and advantages of Julia can be summarized as follows:

  • It's designed for distributed and parallel computation.
  • Julia provides an extensive library of mathematical functions with great numerical accuracy.
  • Julia gives the functionality of multiple dispatch. Multiple dispatch refers to using many combinations of argument types to define function behaviors.
  • The Pycall package enables Julia to call Python functions in its code and Matlab packages using Matlab.jl. Functions and libraries written in C can also be called directly without any need for APIs or wrappers.
  • Julia provides powerful shell-like capabilities for managing other processes in the system.
  • Unlike other languages, user-defined types in Julia are compact and quite fast as built-ins.
  • Data analysis makes great use of vectorized code to gain performance benefits. Julia eliminates the need to vectorize code to gain performance. De-vectorized code written in Julia can be as fast as vectorized code.
  • It uses lightweight "green" threading also known as tasks or coroutines, cooperative multitasking, or one-shot continuations.
  • Julia has a powerful type system. The conversions provided are elegant and extensible.
  • It has efficient support for Unicode.
  • It has facilities for metaprogramming and Lisp-like macros.
  • It has a built-in package manager. (Pkg)
  • Julia provides efficient, specialized and automatic generation of code for different argument types.
  • It's free and open source with an MIT license.
Setting up the environment

Julia is available free. It can be downloaded from its website at the following address: http://julialang.org/downloads/. The website also has exhaustive documentation, examples, and links to tutorials and community. The documentation can be downloaded in popular formats.

Installing Julia (Linux)

Ubuntu/Linux Mint is one of the most famous Linux distros, and their deb packages of Julia are also provided. These are available for both 32-bit and 64-bit distributions.

To install Julia, add the PPA ( personal package archive ). Ubuntu users are privileged enough to have PPA. It is treated as an apt repository to build and publish Ubuntu source packages. In the terminal, type the following:

sudo apt-get add-repository ppa:staticfloat/juliareleases sudo apt-get update

This adds the PPA and updates the package index in the repository.

Now install Julia:

sudo apt-get install Julia

The installation is complete. To check if the installation is successful in the Terminal type in the following:

julia --version

This gives the installed Julia's version.

To open the Julias interactive shell type julia into the Terminal To - photo 1

To open the Julia's interactive shell, type julia into the Terminal. To uninstall Julia, simply use apt to remove it:

sudo apt-get remove julia

For Fedora/RHEL/CentOS or distributions based on them, enable the EPEL repository for your distribution version. Then, click on the link provided. Enable Julia's repository using the following:

dnf copr enable nalimilan/julia
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