James N. Siddall - Expert systems for engineers

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title	:	Expert Systems for Engineers
author	:	Siddall, James N.
publisher	:	CRC Press
isbn10 | asin	:	0824783603
print isbn13	:	9780824783600
ebook isbn13	:	9780585327761
language	:	English
subject	Computer-aided engineering, Expert systems (Computer science)
publication date	:	1990
lcc	:	TA345.S565 1990eb
ddc	:	620/.0042/0285633
subject	:	Computer-aided engineering, Expert systems (Computer science)

Page i Expert Systems for Engineers James N. Siddall Faculty of Engineering McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Page ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddall, James N. Expert systems for engineers / James N. Siddall. p. cm. ISBN 0-8247-8360-3 (alk. paper) 1. Computer-aided engineering. 2. Expert systems (Computer science) I. Title. TA345.S565 1990 620'.0042'0285633--dc20 89-71509 CIP This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 1990 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. All Rights Reserved Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. MARCEL DEKKER, INC. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Page iii Preface This book is based to a considerable extent on the thesis that engineers can and should write their own expert systems. Special "knowledge engineers" are not required. The software packages that are commercially available for assisting in the writing of expert systems, commonly called "shells", are unnecessary, and even undesirable. And special languages, such as LISP and PROLOG, that are widely represented as highly desirable if not essential, are also unnecessary, and also may be even undesirable. Most engineers are at home with a high level language, such as FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL, or C. All of these do an excellent job on codifying expert systems. Also, the engineer is an expert on the engineering method , as well as being a specialist, or near specialist, in some phase of engineering. And thirdly, the engineer has an almost unique training and experience in intuitive decision making, which is the whole basis of expert systems. Finally, engineers are highly creative, and can cope well with the creativity requirements of designing expert systems. This expertise, combined with the rigorous training in logical thinking that all engineers possess, makes them uniquely well qualified to

Page iv develop expert systems. And incidently, to use them intelligently. This book is also an attempt to remove the cloud of mystery that surrounds the subject of expert systems. Although it seems to be cursed with a compulsion by authors to present it as a highly advanced and arcane subject, it is really rather simple and straightforward. Also many books on artificial intelligence present a broad conceptual picture of the subject, with a tendency to gloss over practical details. The emphasis here is on down to earth practical details. The book includes the use of uncertainty methods and Boolean algebra, which all engineers may not be familiar with, but useful expert systems can be written even without these. And all of the necessary introductory theory is included. The subject of data structures is an important basis for creating expert systems, and is the one that engineers are most likely to be unfamiliar with. Some introductory theory is given in the Appendix, but large systems depend heavily on data structures, and the designer of such systems may find it necessary to extend his or her knowledge in this field. Expert systems is a very new subject in engineering, and not yet in widespread use; but it has great potential for exploiting the power of the computer in engineering practice. Expertise, until recently only available from live human experts, can now, to a circumscribed extent, be

Page v widely available to technologists at all levels, in many different applications. It is one of the new subjects in engineering that is only practicable to use when computers are available. Its most important contribution is that it makes possible day-to-day use, by all engineers, of complex engineering knowledge - knowledge and expertise that otherwise has lain unused, and even often unknown. The chapters containing the more advanced material are essentially independent of each other. These are Chapter 9, "Expert Systems Incorporating Uncertainty"; Chapter 10, "Machine Learning Expert Systems"; and Chapter 11, "Boolean Algebra". The book contains a number of algorithms in pseudo code that should provide a convenient basis for preparing software in the language of the reader's choice. However, no claim is made that they are optimum, and suggestions to the author for improving them would be welcomed. JAMES N. SIDDALL

Page vii Contents 1.Introduction to Applied Artificial Intelligence 1 1.1 Introduction 3

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