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Copyright 2000 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc,. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This material also appears in unix in a Nutshell, Third Edition, by Arnold Robbins, Copyright 1999, 1992, 1989 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
Editor: Chuck Toporek
Production Editor: Jeffrey Liggett
Cover Design: Ellie Volckhausen
Printing History:
January 2000: First Edition.
The O'Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. The use of the image of a slender loris in association with sed & awk is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed trademarks. Where those designation appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information herein.
1-56592-729-X [C]
Page iii
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Conventions
1
Matching Text
2
The Sed Editor
11
The awk Programming Language
22
Page 1
sed & awk Pocket Reference
Introduction
This pocket reference is a companion volume to O'Reilly's sed & awk, Second Edition, by Dougherty and Arnold Robins. It presents a concise summary of regular expressions and pattern matching, and summaries of sed and awk.
Conventions
The pocket reference follows certain typograhic conventions, outlined here:
Constant Width Is used for code examples, commands, directory names, filenames, and options
Constant Width Italic Is used in syntax and command summaries to show replaceable text; this text should be replaced with user supplied values.
Constant Width Bold Is used in code examples to show commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.
Italic Is used to show generic arguments and options; these should be replaced with user-supplied values. Italic is also used to highlight comments in examples.
Page 2
$ Is used in some examples as the Bourne shell or Korn shell prompt.
[ ] Surround optional elements in a description of syntax. (The brackets themselves should never be typed.)
Matching Text
A number of Unix text-processing utilities let you search for and in some cases change, text patterns rather than fixed strings. These utilities include the editing programs ed, ex, vi, and sed, the awk programming language, and the commands grep and egrep. Text pattersns (foramally called regular expressions) contain normal characters mixed with special characters (called metacharacters).
This section presents the following topics:
Filenames versus patterns
List of metacharacters available to each program
Description of metacharacters
Examples
Filenames Versus Patterns
Metacharacters used in pattern matching are different from metacharacters used for filename expansion. When you issue a command on the command line, special characters are seen first by the shell, then by the program; therefore, unquote metacharacters are interpreted by the shell for filename expansion. The command:
$ grep [AZ]* chap[12]
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could, for example, by transformed by the shell into:
$ grep Array.c Bug.c Comp.c chap1 chap2
and would then try to find the pattern Array.c in files Bug.c, Comp.c, chap1, and chap2. To bypass the shell and pass the special characters to grep, use quotes:
$ grep "[AZ]*" chap[12]
Double quotes suffice in most cases, but single quotes are the safest bet.
Note also that in pattern matching, ? matches zero or one instance of a regular expression; in filename expansion, ? matches a single character.
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