Calvary Gaëlle - Semantic Models for Adaptive Interactive Systems
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Providing insights into methodologies for designing adaptive systems based on semantic data, and introducing semantic models that can be used for building interactive systems, this book showcases many of the applications made possible by the use of semantic models. Ontologies may enhance the functional coverage of an interactive system as well as its visualization and interaction capabilities in various ways. Semantic models can also contribute to bridging gaps; for example, between user models, context-aware interfaces, and model-driven UI generation. There is considerable potential for using semantic models as a basis for adaptive interactive systems. A variety of reasoning and machine learning techniques exist that can be employed to achieve adaptive system behavior. The advent and rapid growth of Linked Open Data as a large-scale collection of semantic data has also paved the way for a new breed of intelligent, knowledge-intensive applications. Semantic Models for Adaptive Interactive Systems includes ten complementary chapters written by experts from both industry and academia. Rounded off by a number of case studies in real world application domains, this book will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners exploring the use of semantic models within HCI.
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Calvary Gaëlle
Panos Alexopoulos
Vishal Jain (editor)
Bedir Tekinerdogan
Juanzi Li Guilin Qi Dongyan Zhao Wolfgang Nejdl
Allemang Dean Hendler James
Te Braak
Bob DuCharme
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Tim Hussein , Heiko Paulheim , Stephan Lukosch , Jrgen Ziegler and Galle Calvary (eds.) HumanComputer Interaction Series Semantic Models for Adaptive Interactive Systems 2014 10.1007/978-1-4471-5301-6_1 Springer-Verlag London 2013
1. UI2OntA Formal Ontology on User Interfaces and Interactions
Heiko Paulheim 1
(1)
University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
(2)
SAP Research, Darmstadt, Germany
Heiko Paulheim (Corresponding author)
Email:
Florian Probst
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Abstract
Formal models of user interfaces are widely popular in the literature, and various user interface description languages exist. For several use cases, the use of ontologies as models for user interfaces has been discussed, leveraging the advantages of a machine-interpretable semantics of user interface components. However, a comprehensive ontology of user interfaces and interactions is not available. In this chapter, we discuss the UI Ont ontology, an ontology of user interfaces and interactions, which reuses many concepts defined in different user interface description languages and grounds them in the formal top level ontology DOLCE. We discuss the rationales of developing the ontology, give an overview of its basic concepts, and show its application in a framework for application integration on the user interface level.
1.1 Introduction
Software systems are complex. This holds in particular for the user interfaces of those software systems, which contribute about 50 % to the overall complexity of a software system (Myers and Rosson ). To deal with that complexity, models as abstractions of user interfaces are helpful.
To create such models, a variety of user interface description languages has been proposed (Guerrero-Garcia et al. ). These languages, most of which are XML-based, allow for describing user interfaces on an abstract level. The goal is, most often, to generate user interface code from them in a model-driven approach.
While most of those UI description languages are useful for their purpose, some use cases require a stronger formalization than that given by a UML diagram or an XML schema. A more formal approach is to use ontologies for describing the categories of things that exist in the domain of user interfaces, and their possible relations. An ontology is a formal, shared conceptualization of a domain (Gruber ), i.e., it captures the categories of things that exist in a domain, and their possible relations, in a formal manner.
Although ontologies have been widely adopted in other software engineering fields, e.g., in the domain of web services (Studer et al. ), a universal ontology of user interfaces is still missing.
This chapter discusses the development of UI Ont ,).
The rest of this chapter is structured as follows. Section .
1.2 Ontologies vs. UI Models
Although ontologies and software models are related, they are not essentially the same. Software models and ontologies are different by nature. An ontology claims to be a generic , commonly agreed upon specification of a conceptualization of a domain (Gruber illustrates those differences. 
Fig. 1.1
Ontologies and modeling languages serve different purposes (reprinted from Paulheim and Probst )
Taking this thought to the domain of user interfaces and interactions, models are used to define particular user interfaces (e.g. with the goal of generating code implementing those interfaces), while a formal ontology would capture the nature of things that exist in the domain, e.g., which types of user interfaces exist, and how they are related.
Due to those differences, we argue that developing a formal ontology on user interfaces will not lead to yet another user interface description language, but to a highly formal model with different intentions and usages.
1.3 Use Cases
The literature discusses several use cases for employing ontologies in the field of engineering user interfaces, e.g. the position paper by Rauschmayer (). In the latter, we have identified a number of use cases where an ontological representation of the domain of user interfaces and interactions is required or at least beneficial. Those use cases address improving both the development process as well as the user interface itself.
Automatic Generation of UI Code
The classic use case for user interface models is generating user interface code from an abstract model, typically in an MDA based setting. An example for using ontologies as input models to a code generator is shown by Liu et al. (). The authors argue that employing background knowledge from a richly axiomized ontology can improve the quality of the generated user interfaces, e.g., by identifying useless interaction paths or illegal combinations of interaction components (e.g., foreseeing a mouse-triggered interaction on a device without a mouse). Furthermore, domain ontologies may already be used for other purposes in a software engineering project; they can be reused for creating the description of UI components.
Supporting Repositories of User Interface Components
Reusing existing UI components is desirable to reduce development efforts. With a growing number of components that can potentially be reused, it is not an easy task to find suitable components. Happel et al. () discuss an ontology-based repository for software components (in general, not specifically UI components). Reasoning on those ontologies assists users in finding components which fit their needs, e.g., in terms of license agreements, hardware platforms, or required libraries. For systems to be built from a large number of components, conflicts which are hard to find manually can be detected automatically by a reasoner.
Supporting Repositories of Usability Patterns
Not only code artifacts such as software components may be stored and reused, but also conceptual artifacts such as design and usability patterns. Henninger et al. () introduce an approach using ontologies for classifying and annotating usability patterns. The authors propose the use of ontologies for managing a repository of patterns. By representing those properties using formal ontologies, more sophisticated approaches could also validate those patterns, find inconsistencies and incompatibilities between different patterns, and identifying commonalities between different usability patterns.
Integration of UI Components
Ontologies may not only be used for identifying , but also for integrating user interface components. We have introduced an approach which uses ontologies for annotating user interface components and messages exchanged by those components (Paulheim and Probst .
UI Adaptation
Different users have different expectations and needs towards an applications user interface. Therefore, making user interfaces adaptive is a significant improvement regarding usability. Different approaches have been discussed to employ ontologies for building adaptive user interface have been discussed. The W3Cs WAI ARIA initiative (W3C ), for example, suggests the use of ontologies for annotating web based interfaces. Based on a users profile and semantic annotations of the interface, a reasoner can decide on a optimal realizations for users with impairments, such as color-blindness.
Self-explanatory User Interfaces
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