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Ryan Hodson - Rys Objective-C Tutorial

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Ryan Hodson Rys Objective-C Tutorial
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Objective-C is one of the native programming languages for Apples iOS and OS X operating systems. Its a compiled, general-purpose language capable of building everything from command-line utilities to animated GUIs to domain-specific libraries. It also provides many tools for maintaining large, scalable frameworks.Rys Objective-C Tutorial serves as both a concise quick reference and a comprehensive introduction for newcomers to the language. It walks through each language feature step-by-step, explaining complex programming concepts via hands-on examples. By the end of the tutorial, youll understand basic language constructs, important memory-management techniques, and many of the built-in Objective-C data types like NSNumber, NSArray, and NSDate.While it is a friendly guide to Objective-C, this tutorial focuses solely on the programming language, rather than on iOS or Mac App development. You wont walk away with the ability to create your own iPad apps, but you will be incredibly prepared to continue down that path. Also, be sure to check out Rys Cocoa Tutorial if youre interested in Mac App development.

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Table of Contents
Guide
Introduction

Objective-C is the native programming language for Apples iOS andOS X operating systems. Its a compiled, general-purpose languagecapable of building everything from command line utilities to animated GUIs todomain-specific libraries. It also provides many tools for maintaining large,scalable frameworks.

Types of programs written in Objective-CLike C Objective-C was designed to - photo 1Types of programs written in Objective-C

Like C++, Objective-C was designed to add object-oriented featuresto C, but the two languages accomplished this using fundamentally distinctphilosophies. Objective-C is decidedly more dynamic, deferring most of itsdecisions to run-time rather than compile-time. This is reflected in many ofthe design patterns underlying iOS and OS X development.

Objective-C is also known for its verbose naming conventions. The resultingcode is so descriptive that its virtually impossible to misunderstand ormisuse it. For example, the following snippet shows a C++ method call with itsObjective-C equivalent.

// C++john->drive("Corvette","Mary's House")// Objective-C[johndriveCar:@"Corvette"toDestination:@"Mary's House"]

As you can see, Objective-C methods read more like a human language than acomputer one. Once you get used to this, it becomes very easy to orientyourself in new projects and to work with third-party code. If youre alittle bit disarmed by the square-brackets, dont worry. Youll bequite comfortable with them by the end of the tutorial.

Frameworks

As with most programming languages, Objective-C is a relatively simplesyntax backed by an extensive standard library. This tutorial focuses mostly onthe language itself, but it helps to have at least some idea of the tools thatyoull be interacting with in the real world.

There are a few different standard libraries out there, butApples Cocoa and CocoaTouch frameworks are by far the most popular. These define the API forbuilding OS X and iOS apps, respectively. The table below highlights someof the key frameworks in Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. For a more detailed discussion,please visit the MacTechnology Overview or iOSTechnology Overview.

FrameworkDescription
FoundationDefines core object-oriented data types like strings, arrays, dictionaries, etc. Well explore the essential aspects of this framework in the module.
UIKitProvides dozens of classes for creating and controlling the user interface on iOS devices.
AppKitSame as UIKit, but for OS X devices.
CoreDataProvides a convenient API for managing object relationships, supporting undo/redo functionality, and interacting with persistent storage.
MediaPlayerDefines a high-level API for playing music, presenting videos, and accessing the users iTunes library.
AVFoundationProvides lower-level support for playing, recording, and integrating audio/video into custom applications.
QuartzCoreContains two sub-frameworks for manipulating images. The CoreAnimation framework lets you animate UI components, and CoreImage provides image and video processing capabilities (e.g., filters).
CoreGraphicsProvides low-level 2D drawing support. Handles path-based drawing, transformations, image creation, etc.

After youre comfortable with Objective-C, these are some of the toolsthat youll be leveraging to build iOS and OS X applications. Butagain, this tutorial is not meant to be a comprehensive guide to appdevelopmentits designed to prepare you to use the aboveframeworks. With the exception of the Foundation Framework, we wontactually be working with any of these libraries.

If youre interested in Mac App development, you should take a look atRys Cocoa Tutorial afteryou have a solid grasp on Objective-C. It shows you how to build OS X appsusing the same hands-on methodology as this tutorial.

Xcode

Xcode is Applesintegrated development environment (IDE) for Mac, iPhone, and iPad appdevelopment. It includes not only a source code editor, but also an interfacebuilder, a device simulator, a comprehensive testing and debugging suite, theframeworks discussed in the previous section, and everything else you need tomake apps.

While there are other ways to compile Objective-C code, Xcode is definitelythe easiest. We strongly recommended that you install Xcode now so you canfollow along with the examples in this tutorial. It is freely available throughthe MacApp Store.

Creating an Application

Xcode provides several templates for various types of iOS and OS Xapplications. All of them can be found by navigating to File > New >Project... or using the Cmd+Shift+N shortcut. This will open adialog window asking you to select a template:

Creating a command line applicationFor this tutorial well be using the Command - photo 2Creating a command line application

For this tutorial, well be using the Command Line Tooltemplate found under OS X > Application, highlighted in theabove screenshot. This lets us strip away all of the elements specific toiOS/OS X and focus on Objective-C as a language. Go ahead and create a newCommand Line Tool now. This opens another dialog asking you toconfigure the project:

Configuring a command line applicationYou can use whatever you like for the - photo 3Configuring a command line application

You can use whatever you like for the Product Name andOrganization Name fields. For the Company Identifier useedu.self, which is the canonical private use identifier. Forproduction applications, youll need to get a real company ID from Appleby registering as adeveloper.

This tutorial utilizes several classes defined in the Foundation Framework,so be sure to select Foundation for the Type field. Finally,the Use Automatic Reference Counting checkbox should always beselected for new projects.

Clicking Next prompts you for a file path to store the project(save it anywhere you like), and you should now have a brand new Xcode projectto play with. In the left-hand column of the Xcode IDE, youll find afile called main.m (along with some other files and folders). Atthe moment, this file contains the entirety of your application. Note that the.m extension is used for Objective-C source files.

mainm in the Project NavigatorTo compile the project click the Run button in - photo 4main.m in the Project Navigator

To compile the project, click the Run button in the upper-leftcorner of the IDE or use the Cmd+R shortcut. This should displayHello, World! in the Output Panel located at the bottomof the IDE:

Xcodes Output PanelThe main Function As with plain old C programs the main - photo 5Xcodes Output Panel
The main() Function

As with plain old C programs, the main()

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