Michael James Fitzgerald - Ruby Pocket Reference
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- Book:Ruby Pocket Reference
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Although Ruby is an easy language to learn, in the heat of action you may find that you cant remember the correct syntax for a conditional or the name of a method. This handy pocket reference offers brief yet clear explanations of Rubys core components, from operators to reserved words to data structures to method syntax, highlighting those key features that youll likely use every day when coding Ruby.
Whether youve come to Ruby because of the Rails web development framework --Rubys killer app -- or simply because its a relatively clean, powerful and expressive language thats useful for a lot of applications, the Ruby Pocket Reference is organized to help you find what you need quickly. This book not only will get you up to speed on how Ruby works, it provides you with a handy reference you can use anywhere, anytime.
In this book, you find essential information on:
- Reserved words, operators, comments, numbers, variables, ranges, and symbols
- Predefined variables andglobal constants
- Conditional statements, method use, classes, and modules (mixins)
- Lists of methods from the Object, String, Array, and Hash classes and the Kernel module
- sprintf andtime formatting directories
- Interactive Ruby (irb) and the Ruby debugger
- Ruby documentation
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Copyright 2009 Michael Fitzgerald
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Ruby is an open source, object-oriented programming language created by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto. First released in Japan in 1995, Ruby has gained worldwide acceptance as an easy-to-learn, powerful, and expressive language, especially since the advent of Ruby on Rails, a web application framework written in Ruby (http://www.rubyonrails.org). Ruby's core is written in the C programming language and runs on all major platforms. It is an interpreted rather than compiled language. For more information on Ruby, see http://www.ruby-lang.org.
The following font conventions are used in this book:
Indicates pathnames and filenames (such as program names); Internet addresses, such as domain names and URLs; and emphasized or newly defined terms.
Constant widthIndicates commands and options that should be typed verbatim in a file or in irb ; or names and keywords in Ruby programs, including method, variable, and class names.
Constant width italicIndicates user-supplied values.
Constant width boldUsed to draw attention to parts of programs.
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This book is dedicated to John H. Atkinson, Jr. (19342007).
I want to thank Simon St.Laurent, Ryan Waldron, and Rachel Monaghan for their help in creating, editing, and producing this book.
Test to see whether Ruby is running on your computer by typing the following at a shell or command prompt:
ruby --versionAn affirmative response will look similar to this (this example is for version 1.8.6 running on Mac OS X):
ruby 1.8.6 (2007-03-13 patchlevel 0) [powerpc-darwin8.9.0]You can install Ruby on any of the major platforms. For Ruby file archives and installation instructions, see http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads.
Usage:
ruby [switches] [--] [program filename] [arguments] Switches (or command-line options):
-0[octal]Specify a record separator (\0 if no argument).
-aAutosplit mode with -n or -p (splits $_ into $F).
-cCheck syntax only.
-Cdirectorycd to directory before executing your script or program.
-dSet debugging flags (set predefined variable $DEBUG to true).
-e 'command'Execute one line of script. Several -es allowed. Omit [program filename].
-Fpatternsplit( ) pattern for autosplit (-a).
-i[extension]Edit ARGV files in place (make backup if extension supplied).
-IdirectorySpecify $LOAD_PATH (predefined variable) directory; may be used more than once.
-KkcodeSpecify the character set. See .
-lEnable line-ending processing.
-nAssume 'while gets( ); ... end' loop around your script.
-pAssume loop like -n but print line also like sed.
-rlibraryRequire the library before executing your script.
-sEnable some switch parsing for switches after script name.
-SLook for the script using PATH environment variable.
-T[level]Turn on tainting checks.
-vPrint version number, then turn on verbose mode (compare --version).
-wTurn warnings on for your script or program.
-W[level]Set warning level: 0=silence, 1=medium, and 2=verbose (default).
-x[directory]Strip off text before #! shebang line, and optionally cd to directory.
--copyrightPrint the copyright.
--versionPrint the version (compare -v).
A shebang line may appear on the first line of a Ruby program (or other program or script). Its job is to help a Unix/Linux system execute the commands in the program or script according to a specified interpreterRuby, in our case. (This does not work on Windows.) Here is a program named hi.rb with a shebang on the first line:
#!/usr/bin/env rubyputs "Hello, Matz!" Other alternative shebang lines are #!/usr/bin/ruby or #!/usr/local/bin/ruby. With a shebang in place, you can type the filename (followed by Return or Enter) at a shell prompt without invoking the Ruby interpreter directly:
Windows doesn't know or care about shebang (#!), but you can achieve a similar effect by creating a file type association with the assoc and ftype commands on Windows (DOS). To find out whether an association exists for the file extension .rb, use the assoc command:
assoc .rbFile association not found for extension .rb If it's not found, associate the .rb extension with a file type:
C:\Ruby Code>assoc .rb=rbFileThen test to see whether the association exists:
C:\Ruby Code>assoc .rb.rb=rbFile Now test to see whether the file type for Ruby exists:
C:\Ruby Code>ftype rbfileFile type 'rbfile' not found or no open command associatedwith it. If not found, you can create it with a command like this:
C:\Ruby Code>ftype rbfile="C:\Program Files\Ruby\bin\ruby.exe" "%1" %*Font size:
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