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John Israel - Lianda: A Chinese University in War and Revolution

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John Israel Lianda: A Chinese University in War and Revolution
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In the summer of 1937, Japanese troops occupied the campuses of Beijings two leading universities, Beida and Qinghua, and reduced Nankai, in Tianjin, to rubble. These were Chinas leading institutions of higher learning, run by men educated in the West and committed to modern liberal education. The three universities first moved to Changsha, 900 miles southwest of Beijing, where they joined forces. But with the fall of Nanjing in mid-December, many students left to fight the Japanese, who soon began bombing Changsha. In February 1938, the 800 remaining students and faculty made the thousand-mile trek to Kunming, in Chinas remote, mountainous southwest, where they formed the National Southwest Associated University (Lianda). In makeshift quarters, subject to sporadic bombing by the Japanese and shortages of food, books, and clothing, students and professors did their best to conduct a modern university. In the next eight years, many of Chinas most prominent intellectuals taught or studied at Lianda. This book is the story of their lives and work under extraordinary conditions. Liandas wartime saga crystallized the experience of a generation of Chinese intellectuals, beginning with epic journeys, followed by years of privation and endurance, and concluding with politicization, polarization, and radicalization, as China moved from a war of resistance against a foreign foe to a civil war pitting brother against brother. The Lianda community, which had entered the war fiercely loyal to the government of Chiang Kai-shek, emerged in 1946 as a bastion of criticism of Chinas ruling Guomindang party. Within three years, the majority of the Lianda community, now returned to its north China campuses in Beijing and Tianjin, was prepared to accept Communist rule. In addition to struggling for physical survival, Liandas faculty and students spent the war years striving to uphold a model of higher education in which modern universities, based in large part on the American model, sought to preserve liberal education, political autonomy, and academic freedom. Successful in the face of wartime privations, enemy air raids, and Guomindang pressure, Liandas constituent universities eventually succumbed to Communist control. By 1952, the Lianda ideal had been replaced with a politicized and technocratic model borrowed from the Soviet Union.

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Lianda: A Chinese University in War and Revolution

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Table of Contents APPENDIX List of Interviews Over two decades an - photo 1
Table of Contents

APPENDIX
List of Interviews

Over two decades an inestimable number of Lianda alumni, faculty, and others have orally transmitted information to me. This list is limited to formal interviews for which I kept a record of place and date.

INTERVIEWS WITH LIANDA STUDENTS IDENTIFIED BY YEAR OF GRADUATION AND DEPARTMENT

  1. Interview with author of anon. diary. Baltimore, November 12, 1971.
  2. 1938/economics. Taibei, October 30, 1973.
  3. 1938/economics. Hong Kong, December 18, 1973.
  4. 1938/education. Seattle, July 10, 1978.
  5. 1938/history. Taibei, November 16, 1973.
  6. 1938/history. Taibei, November 28, 1973.
  7. 1938/history. Hong Kong, December 11, 1973.
  8. 1938/history. Baltimore, July 17, 1977.
  9. 1939/chemistry. Taibei, November 17, 1973.
  10. 1939/sociology. Hong Kong, December 7, 1973.
  11. 1940/chemistry. Baltimore, July 17, 1977.
  12. 1940/economics. New York, November 1, 1975.
  13. 1940/economics. Kunming, June 6, 1980.
  14. 1940/economics. Kunming, June 6, 17, 21, 1980.
  15. 1940/education,. New York, April 8, 1974.
  16. 1940/history. New York, April 8, 1974.
  17. 1940/history. Tianjin, March 22, 1980.
  18. 1940/history. Kunming, July 1, 1980.
  19. 1940/philosophy. Washington, D.C., December 30, 1983.
  20. 1940/politics. Boston, April 3, 1974.
  21. 1940/sociology. Beijing, March 21, 1980.
  22. 1941/biology. Bethesda, Md., August 12, 1973.
  23. 1941/Chinese. Chengdu, April 2, 1980.
  24. 1941/commerce. Taibei, December 7, 1973.
  25. 1941/economics. Bethesda, Md., August 12, 1973.
  26. 1941/foreign languages. Taibei, November 7, 1973.
  27. 1941/history. New York, March 26, 1977.
  28. 1941/history. Beijing, August 21, 1980.
  29. 1941/law. Taizhong, November 25, 1973.
  30. 1942/Chinese. Beijing, March 18,1980.
  31. 1942/economics. Bethesda, Md., August 12, 1973.
  32. 1942/economics. Hong Kong, December 7, 1973.
  33. 1942/geology. Thornwood, N.Y., July 12, 1975.
  34. 1942/history. Beijing, March 20, 1980.
  35. 1942/history. Kunming, May 3, June 21, 1980.
  36. 1942/history. Kunming, July 1, 1980.
  37. 1942/mechanical engineering. Beijing, March 18, 1980.
  38. 1942/physics. New York, October 31, 1980.
  39. 1942/physics,. Stony Brook, N.Y, November 1, 1980.
  40. 1942/politics. New York, April 8, 1974.
  41. 1942/politics. Taibei, April 28, 1985.
  42. 1942/Teachers College, history/geography Taibei, November 6, 1973.
  43. 1943/aeronautical engineering. Taibei, November 17, 1973.
  44. 1943/economics. San Francisco, December 29, 1993.
  45. 1943/foreign languages. Tiburon, Calif., October 4, 1973, and San Francisco, March 27, 1975.
  46. 1943/foreign languages. Beijing, March 15, 1980.
  47. 1943/foreign languages. Kunming, June 23, 1980.
  48. 1943/history. San Francisco, March 26, 1975.
  49. 1943/history, Beijing, March 20, 1980.
  50. 1943/history. Beijing, August 21, 1980.
  51. 1943/history. Taibei, August 6, 1985.
  52. 1943/law. Hong Kong, December 7, 1973.
  53. 1943/sociology. Beijing, November 16, 1985.
  54. 1943/Teachers College, education. Taibei, November 29, 1973.
  55. 1943/Teachers College, education. Kunming, July 8 and 13, 1980.
  56. 1944/aeronautical engineering. Kunming, November 3, 1988.
  57. 1944/chemistry. Taibei, November 17, 1973.
  58. 1944/economics. Taibei, October 10, 1973.
  59. 1944/economics. Hong Kong, December 18, 1973.
  60. 1944/economics. Kunming, April 29, 1980.
  61. 1944/economics. Kunming, April 29, 1980.
  62. 1944/foreign languages. Minneapolis, September 12, 1973.
  63. 1944/foreign languages. San Francisco, March 26, 1975.
  64. 1944/foreign languages. Kunming, July 12, 1980.
  65. 1944/law. Taibei, November 17, 1973.
  66. 1944/law. Taibei, December 3, 1973.
  67. 1944/politics. New York, April 8, 1974.
  68. 1944/Teachers College, history/geography. Taibei, November 12, 1973.
  69. 1945/economics. Taibei, November 10, 1973.
  70. 1945/economics. Taibei, November 17, 1973.
  71. 1945/economics. Beijing, March 8, 1980.
  72. 1945/foreign languages. Beijing, March 18, 1980.
  73. 1945/history. Taibei, November 15, 1973.
  74. 1945/law. Trenton, N.J., April 11, 1974.
  75. 1945/mechanical engineering. Taibei, November 10, 1973.
  76. 1946/chemical engineering. Taibei, November 12, 1973.
  77. 1946/foreign languages. Beijing, March 11, 1980.
  78. 1946/foreign languages. Kunming, July 3, 1980, December 8, 1985.
  79. 1946/history. Beijing, March 15, 1980.
  80. 1946/history. Beijing, March 15, 1980.
  81. 1946/sociology. Taibei, November 16, 1973.
  82. 1946/Teachers College, history/geography Kunming, July 20, 1980.
  83. 1947/economics. Taibei, November 9, 1973.
  84. 1947/economics. Seattle, July 10, 1978.
  85. 1947/economics. Seattle, July 10, 1978.
  86. 1947/history. Beijing, March 26, 1980.
  87. 1947/sociology. Taibei, December 5, 1973.
  88. 1948/economics. Hong Kong, December 18, 1993.
  89. 1948/Foreign languages. Kunming, June 21, 1980.
  90. 1948/sociology. Hong Kong, July 23, 1979.
Interviews with Lianda Faculty

Bao Juemin Picture 2 . Geography. Tianjin, August 20, 1980

Chen Daisun Picture 3 . Economics. Beijing, March 17, 1980.

Chen Guofu Picture 4 . Chemical engineering. Tianjin, August 21, 1980.

Chen Xueping Picture 5 . Education. Taibei, October 31, 1973.

Fei Xiaotong Picture 6 . Sociology. August 18, 1980.

Feng Youlan Picture 7 . Philosophy. Beijing, March 25, 1980.

Ho Bingdi (Ho Ping-ti) Picture 8 . History. Boston, April 2, 1978.

Hu Yi Picture 9 . Foreign languages. Tianjin, August 20. 1980.

Huang Yusheng Picture 10 . Dean, Teachers College. Tianjin, March 23, 1980.

Huang Zhongfu Picture 11 (Jack Huang). Physical education. New York, October 31, 1975.

Jiang Zehan Picture 12 . Mathematics. Beijing, March 24, 1980.

Jin Yuelin Picture 13 . Philosophy. Beijing, March 16, 1980.

Li Shuqing (S. C. Li) Picture 14 . Sociology. Fairfax, Va., October 21, 1979.

Li Tianyi Picture 15 . Foreign languages. Charlottesville, Va., November 16, 1980.

Li Zhuomin Picture 16 . Economics. Berkeley, Calif., November 21, 1986.

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