CONTENTS
To Ellen,
future voter
Our consideration is limited to the present circumstances, for the problem of equal protection in election processes generally presents many complexities.
Unsigned majority opinion,
United States Supreme Court,
Bush v. Gore,
December 12, 2000
CAST OF CHARACTERS*
THE CANDIDATES
Republicans
Governor George W. Bush
Richard B. Cheney
Democrats
Vice President Albert Gore, Jr.
Senator Joseph I. Lieberman
THE CAMPAIGNS
For Bush
Donald L. Evans, campaign chairman
Joseph Allbaugh, campaign manager
Karl Rove, senior strategist
Karen P. Hughes, communications director
For Gore
William M. Daley, campaign chairman
Carter Eskew, Robert Shrum, media consultants
Tad Devine, strategist
Mark Fabiani, Chris Lehane, spokesmen
*Descriptions reflect actual duties rather than official titles.
Michael Whouley, chief field operative
Nicholas Baldick, Florida field operative
Donna Brazile, campaign manager
David Ginsberg, research director
THE STATE OF FLORIDA
Jeb Bush, governor
Frank Jimenez, acting chief counsel
Al Cardenas, chairman, Florida Republican Party
Robert A. Butterworth, attorney general
Katherine Harris, secretary of state
J. M. Mac Stipanovich, senior adviser
Joseph Klock, lead counsel
L. Clayton Roberts, director, Division of Elections
Benjamin McKay, chief of staff
THE BATTLE IN FLORIDA
For Bush
James A. Baker III, chief strategist
Robert Zoellick, Margaret Tutwiler, deputies to Baker
Benjamin Ginsberg, chief counsel
George Terwilliger, deputy chief counsel
Theodore B. Olson, federal appellate attorney
Barry Richard, lead local counsel
Michael Carvin, appellate attorney
Philip Beck, Irv Terrell, Fred Bartlit, counsel for contest case
For Gore
Warren Christopher, initial representative
Ronald Klain, chief strategist
David Boies, lead attorney
Laurence H. Tribe, federal appellate attorney
Jack Young, Chris Sautter, recount attorneys
Mitchell Berger, Dexter Douglass, John Newton, Joseph Sandler, Mark Steinberg, Robert Bauer, Stephen Zack, Jeremy Bash, attorneys
PALM BEACH COUNTY
Canvassing Board
Charles E. Burton, county judge
Carol Roberts, county commissioner
Theresa LePore, supervisor of elections
Bob Montgomery, Bruce Rogow, counsel to LePore
Jack Corrigan, Benedict P. Kuehne, David Sullivan,
Dennis Newman, attorneys for Gore
Mark Wallace, attorney for Bush
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY
Canvassing Board
Lawrence D. King, county judge
Myriam Lehr, county judge
David Leahy, supervisor of elections
Kendall Coffey, Joseph Geller, attorneys for Gore
Miguel DeGrandy, Tom Spencer, attorneys for Bush
BROWARD COUNTY
Canvassing Board
Robert W. Lee, county judge
Suzanne Gunzburger, county commissioner
Jane Carroll, supervisor of elections (stepped down)
Robert Rosenberg, county judge (replaced Carroll)
JUDGES
Supreme Court of the United States
William H. Rehnquist, chief justice
John Paul Stevens
Sandra Day OConnor
Antonin Scalia
Anthony M. Kennedy
David H. Souter
Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen G. Breyer
United States District Court, Southern District of Florida
Donald M. Middlebrooks, judge
Florida Supreme Court
Charles T. Wells, chief justice
Leander J. Shaw, Jr.
Major B. Harding
Harry Lee Anstead
Barbara J. Pariente
R. Fred Lewis
Peggy A. Quince
Leon County Circuit Court
Nikki Ann Clark
Terry P. Lewis
N. Sanders Sauls
L. Ralph Smith, Jr.
Palm Beach County Circuit Court
Jorge LaBarga
Prologue
Florida Sunrise
The sun rising over the Atlantic casts a peach glow on the Lake Ida Shopping Plaza. Its architectural motif is typical of the lesser strip malls in Floridas Palm Beach Countyersatz stucco, with a roof of battered tiles. The first rays of dawn land on Good Stuff Furniture, where factory-closeout sofas and love seats are sold on layaway. One storefront over, engineers and hard hats arrive early at the construction office for the job of widening I-95, the truck-choked superhighway whose low rumble and smoggy haze never entirely leave this commercial square. The medical office of Dr. Jean-Claude Tabuteau is open only at night, to serve his working-class Haitian clientele, men and women who spend their days changing sheets and watering lawns at the resorts on the other side of the highway.
On the morning of November 7, 2000Election Daythe mall had none of its usual subtropical torpor. One of the storefronts was home to the Democratic Party of Palm Beach County, and its offices served as the base for the biggest get-out-the-vote operation that anyone could remember. The plan called for one group of volunteers to work the phones in the party offices and another to disperse to the precincts. The poll workers were to be given their assignments, as well as their leaflets and signs, at a long folding table just outside the front door. A woman named Liz Hyman was in charge of the table.
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