James Thomas Flexner - Doctors on Horseback: Pioneers of American Medicine

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title	:	Doctors On Horseback : Pioneers of American Medicine
author	:	Flexner, James Thomas.
publisher	:	Fordham University Press
isbn10 | asin	:	082321379X
print isbn13	:	9780823213795
ebook isbn13	:	9780585125534
language	:	English
subject	Physicians--United States, Medicine--United States.
publication date	:	1992
lcc	:	R153.F5 1992eb
ddc	:	610/.92/273
subject	:	Physicians--United States, Medicine--United States.

Page iii Doctors on Horseback Pioneers of American Medicine by James Thomas Flexner FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS New York 1992

Page iv Copyright 1937, 1992 by James Thomas Flexner All rights reserved LC 92-19615 ISBN 0-8232-1379-X First published by Viking Press, 1937 Fordham University Press, 1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flexner, James Thomas, 1908 Doctors on horseback : pioneers of American medicine / by James Thomas Flexner.Fordham pbk. ed. p. cm. Originally published: New York : Viking Press, 1937. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-1379-X 1. PhysiciansUnited States. 2. MedicineUnited States. I. Title. R153.F5 1992 610'.92'273dc20 [B]92-19615 CIP Printed in the United States of America

Page v To Helen and Simon Flexner

Page vii Acknowledgments I am grateful to the following authors and publishers who have kindly permitted me to reprint source material from the books and articles named hereunder: Miss Ethel Armes for Nancy Shippen, Her Journal Book, published by the J. B. Lippincott Company; the Atlantic Monthly for "Dr. Rush and General Washington," by Paul Leicester Ford; Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., for Crawford W. Long and the Discovery of Ether Ansthesia, by Frances Taylor Long; the J. B. Lippincott Company for The Journal of Dr. John Morgan of Philadelphia from the City of Rome to the City of London, 1764; the C. V. Mosby Company for Life and Letters of Dr. William Beaumont, by Jesse S. Myer; the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography for "Historical Notes of Dr. Benjamin Rush," by Silas Weir Mitchell, and for ''Extracts from the Journal of Miss Sarah Eve." My debt to the authors of the books listed in the bibliographies at the end of this volume, and to many other authors whom lack of space has prevented me from listing, will be recognized by all students of the history of American medicine. My especial thanks are due to the New York Academy of Medicine and to Miss Gertrude L. Annan, in charge of its department of history. The following libraries and institutions have permitted me to consult books and manuscripts in their collections: the New York Public Library, the New York Historical Society, the Pier-pont Morgan Library, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Ridgway Branch of the Library Company of Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, the American Philosophical Society, the Army Medical Library, the Library of Congress, the Medical School of Washington University, and the Filson Club. Dr. Marshall McDowell placed at my disposal his collection of Ephraim McDowell manuscripts. I am grateful to the Frick Art Reference Library for assistance in securing illustrations. I have modernized the spelling and punctuation of the letters and documents I have quoted.

Page ix Foreword The early doctors of America fought on two frontiers: riding the wilderness of a new continent, they explored the mysteries of the human body. During the eighteenth century they labored to cure the sick on a strip of sea-coast separated by months of ocean from the nearest medical professor and the source of drugs. Gradually, painfully, they groped towards medical institutions of their own, but the work was only started when shots rang out at Lexington. Then the doctors of America marched with an under-fed, ill-equipped army. Treating thousands of sick and wounded who were crowded into barns, often without drugs and instruments, they aided thirteen colonies to defeat an empire. No sooner had peace brought into being an independent nation than another call came: they climbed across mountain passes and drifted down unknown rivers; they struggled abreast of the pioneers. The settler in the most isolated log cabin could count on the ministrations of a doctor who had hanging from his saddle beside the bags of medicine a musket and an ax. When cities sprang up where forests had been, these men labored to make them healthy, fighting sometimes against new diseases the Old World had not known. As they took part in every adventure that built a continent-spanning nation, America's pioneer physicians met a higher adventure than the darkest forests, the fiercest Indian wars, could offer. The world of medicine was also a wilderness only half explored whose mysteries challenged the mind. Laboratory technique was in its infancy. People had died of fevers for

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