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James Thomas Flexner - John Singleton Copley

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A book for both the general reader of American history and the student of art, Flexners study of Copley (1738-1815) brings into vivid detail the struggle the artist endured against an unfavorable environment in the New World, his rise to fame, the development of his unique style, and the personal growth of the man who became Americas first great artist. Copleys life began in the humble surroundings of Bostons waterfront. As a poor boy growing up in a city where no formal art instruction was available, rigorous self-instruction was Copleys only means to his goal of becoming a painter. Through laborious work Copley mastered his craft; the portraits he produced between 1753 and 1774, at the height of his fame, were distinguished by the fully rounded modeling and realism which make the personalities of his subjects come alive. His paintings in these years were the best works a colonial American artist had ever produced. Yet his personal letters reveal that he found life in Boston limited; he cites the dearth of great art from which to learn and by which to be inspired, and complains of what he perceives to be the underappreciation of his patrons. The Boston Tea Party and other events led inexorably toward the Revolution. Copley was unwillingly drawn into the troubled political arena; his loyalist connections made his life in Boston increasingly turbulent and precarious. In 1774, at the suggestion of Joshua Reynolds and Benjamin West, Copley became convinced he was wasting his talents in the colonies and moved to London to study the European masters. This decision marked the second period of his life, lasting forty years, and instigated a no less dramatic shift in the style and subject of his art. Copleys tour of European cities and galleries broadened the range and scope of his work. He produced large canvases of sweeping historical scenes of war, political subjects, and religious subjects considered taboo in the colonies.

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title John Singleton Copley author Flexner James Thomas - photo 1

title:John Singleton Copley
author:Flexner, James Thomas.
publisher:Fordham University Press
isbn10 | asin:0823215237
print isbn13:9780823215232
ebook isbn13:9780585199139
language:English
subjectCopley, John Singleton,--1738-1815, Painters--United States--Biography.
publication date:1993
lcc:ND237.C7F6 1993eb
ddc:759.13
subject:Copley, John Singleton,--1738-1815, Painters--United States--Biography.
Page ii
JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY The Three Princesses Royal Collection - photo 2
JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY: The Three Princesses Royal Collection
Page iii
John Singleton Copley
JAMES THOMAS FLEXNER
John Singleton Copley - image 3
FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW YORK
1993
Page iv
Copyright 1939, 1948, and 1993 by James Thomas Flexner
All rights reserved
LC 93-3349
ISBN 0-8232-1523-7
This volume is a completely revised and greatly enlarged version of the biography of John Singleton Copley originally published by The Viking Press, Inc., in 1939 as part of James Thomas Flexner's book America's Old Masters.
First edition published by Houghton Mifflin Company, 1948
Second edition, Fordham University Press, 1993
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Flexner, James Thomas, 1908
John Singleton Copley/by James Thomas Flexner.
p. cm.
Originally published: Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8232-1523-7
1. Copley, John Singleton, 1738-1815.
2. Painters United States
Biography. I. Title.
ND237.C7F6 1993
759.13 dc20
[B] 93-3349
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
Page v
To my grandson, HARRY FLEXNER DESMOND
Page vii
Foreword
ALTHOUGH no schoolboy learns the date by rote, 1738 was an important year in the development of the New World. It marked the birth of America's first major creator in any branch of the arts. Literature, sculpture, architecture, music had to wait several generations before any of them produced a figure commensurate with the painter, John Singleton Copley.
Copley lived two lives and had a career to go with each. Growing up in provincial Boston, he became a professional painter while yet in his teens, and before he had reached twenty-one he achieved a miracle: he painted greater pictures than any he had ever known. Having left behind him all signboards, all beacons, all blazes on the trees, he was forced to penetrate the age-old wilderness of art by reckonings made from the stars of his own genius. The path he took was of his own hewing, as native to the Colonies as the territory through which it passed. Copley's portraits were the first profound esthetic expression of the American spirit. They made forever manifest the personalities and the faces of the Americans who first in war and then in peaceful negotiation created the United States.
Page viii
When he was thirty-six, he left the New World and his old life behind him; he sailed for the fabled art galleries of Europe. A self-taught artist who had already painted great pictures, he saw all at once, in a wild phantasmagoria of styles and colors, the works of Raphael and Reynolds, Van Dyck, Rubens, Poussin, and hundreds more. Antique statues burst upon his consciousness: Venus and Apollo stood in naked splendor before the man who had rarely seen a nude work of art; Laocon writhed and Niobe wept for her children. Copley was dazzled and exalted and bewildered. Then there was the necessity of coming to earth again, of painting again now that he had seen great art. Could he keep the virtues he had worked out for himself in the quiet of provincial cities; could a mature painter graft on to a homemade style the wonder and burden of centuries?
His trip through the Continent over, Copley embarked in London on his second career. And amazingly, instead of repeating by rote the shiny new tricks he had acquired, he became as great an innovator in the mature European tradition as he had been in the adolescent American. While Doctor Johnson still dictated English taste, while Wordsworth and Coleridge were still little boys, Copley painted pictures that presage the Romantic movement. His canvases depict wild, bloody action in strange places, and also the dramas of contemporary heroes at home. Quickening a generation later in France, his influence helped mold such artists as Gricault and Delacroix.
We shall here be as much concerned with Copley the man as Copley the painter; indeed to separate the two would be as delicate an operation as cutting a human being in half. The Boston and the London in which he lived will be major
Page ix
characters in our history. There is a success story to tell a trip from poverty to affluence, from obscurity to fame but more basic will be our attempt to comprehend the development of a profound and brilliant mind. Copley's life flared up into political action only once, on the occasion when single-handed he tried to head off the American Revolution by bringing the Whigs and Tories together in a compromise that would have made unnecessary the Boston Tea Party. For the rest, he was dedicated to his art. His brain was like a sensitive instrument that flies a powerful airplane through weather that has grounded lesser craft. We shall watch the movements of the dials and interpret them, as best we may, in relation to the mechanism within. Then before our horrified eyes the plane will veer from its course and crash against the mountains of an alien land.
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