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MacCulloch - Thomas cromwell: a Revolutionary Life

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MacCulloch Thomas cromwell: a Revolutionary Life

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The long-awaited biography of the genius who masterminded Henry VIIIs bloody revolution in the English government, which reveals at last Cromwells role in the downfall of Anne BoleynThis a book that - and its not often you can say this - we have been awaiting for four hundred years.--Hilary Mantel, author of Wolf HallSince the sixteenth century we have been fascinated by Henry VIII and the man who stood beside him, guiding him, enriching him, and enduring the kings insatiable appetites and violent outbursts until Hnry ordered his beheading in July 1540. After a decade of sleuthing in the royal archives, Diarmaid MacCulloch has emerged with a tantalizing new understanding of Henrys mercurial chief minister, the inscrutable and utterly compelling Thomas Cromwell. History has not been kind to the son of a Putney brewer who became the architect of Englands split with Rome. Where past biographies portrayed him as a scheming operator with blood on his hands, Hilary Mantel reimagined him as a far more sympathetic figure buffered by the whims of his master. So which was he--the villain of history or the victim of her creation? MacCulloch sifted through letters and court records for answers and found Cromwells fingerprints on some of the most transformative decisions of Henrys turbulent reign. But he also found Cromwell the man, an administrative genius, rescuing him from myth and slander. The real Cromwell was a deeply loving father who took his biggest risks to secure the future of his son, Gregory. He was also a man of faith and a quiet revolutionary. In the end, he could not appease or control the man whose humors were so violent and unpredictable. But he made his mark on England, setting her on the path to religious awakening and indelibly transforming the system of government of the English-speaking world.

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VIKING An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC 375 Hudson Street New York New - photo 1
VIKING An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC 375 Hudson Street New York New - photo 2

VIKING

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

375 Hudson Street

New York, New York 10014

penguinrandomhouse.com

Copyright 2018 by Diarmaid MacCulloch

Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

Illustration credits appear on .

9780670025572 (hardcover)

9780525560296 (ebook)

Cover design: Elizabeth Yaffe

Cover art: Portrait of Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (oil on canvas), Holbein the Younger, Hans (1497/8-1543) (follower of) / Private Collection / Photo Philip Mould Ltd, London / Bridgeman Images

Version_2

In Memoriam G. R. Elton

Contents
List of Illustrations

TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS

. Henry VIIIs Deposition on his Marriage with Anne of Cleves. British Library, London, MS Otho, C/X f. 246 LP 15 no. 822[3]. British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images

. Confessional letter printed by Richard Pynson for the guild of St Mary, Boston. Derbyshire Record Office, D258/45/36/1

. Reconstruction of the ground-plan of Austin Friars at Cromwells fall. Nick Holder

. Reconstruction of the street facade of Austin Friars. Nick Holder

. Detail from the Copperplate map of London, 1550s, showing Cromwells Throgmorton Street house. Alamy

. Thomas Cromwell, letter to John Creke, 17 August 1523. The National Archives, Kew, SP 1/28 f.154

. Benedetto da Ravezzano, Candle-bearing angels for the tomb of Cardinal Wolsey, later that of Henry VIII, c. 1524-29. Victoria & Albert Museum, London

. Phillip Lindleys Reconstructions of Wolseys tomb, side and end elevations. Reproduced by courtesy of Phillip Lindley

. Thomas Cromwell, letter to William Cleybroke, late July 1529. The National Archives, Kew, SP 1/55 f. 19v

. Cardinal Wolsey, letter to Thomas Cromwell, 17 December 1529. British Library, London, MS Cotton Vespasian F/XIII f. 147. British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images

. Thomas Cromwell, letter to Cardinal Wolsey, 18 August 1530. The National Archives, Kew, SP 1/57 ff. 270r-73r

. Draft Act in Restraint of Appeals, with text insertions by Henry VIII. British Library, London, MS Cleopatra, E. VI f.185. British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images

. Penultimate draft of the Act in Restraint of Appeals, with amendments by Thomas Cromwell. The National Archives, Kew, SP 2/n f. 60r

. Draft regulations for monasteries, with insertions in Cromwells hand. The National Archives, Kew, SP6/6. 7v

. Cromwells memorandum against Lord Darcy. The National Archives, Kew, SP 1/118 f. 43 r

(left). Detail from the title-page of The Byble in Englyshe (The Great Bible), 1541. Lambeth Palace Library, Main Collection SR2 E165 (1541)

(right). Detail from the title-page of Henry VIIIs illuminated presentation copy of The Byble in Englyshe (The Great Bible). British Library, London, C.18.d.10. British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images

. Elizabeth Cromwell, letter to Henry VIII, [autumn 1540]. British Library, London, MS Cotton Vespasian F/XIII f. 262. British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images

PLATES

View of the approach to Putney Church, watercolour by an anonymous artist, 1820. Private collection

Sir Henry Wyatt, portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger. Muse du Louvre, Paris. Bridgeman Images

Thomas Cromwell, portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, 15323. Copyright The Frick Collection

Thomas Cromwell, portrait by English school, late 1530s. Private collection. Christies / Bridgeman Images

Coat of arms of Thomas Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell, KG/6. Chevron Tango/Wikimedia Commons

Coat of arms of Thomas Wolsey (also the arms of Christ Church College Oxford) Chevron Tango/Wikimedia Commons

Silver-gilt medallion of Cromwell, 1538. The Trustees of the British Museum, M.6792

The arms of Cromwell as augmented in 1537. College of Arms, MS Num Sch 6/40. Reproduced by permission of the Kings, Heralds and Pursuivants of Arms

The arms of Edward Seymour, augmented in 1536. College of Arms, M. 7 f. 40v. Reproduced by permission of the Kings, Heralds and Pursuivants of Arms

Wolseys Gate, Ipswich, Suffolk, 1812, engraving by J. Tyrrell after J. Conder. Reproduced by kind permission of Suffolk Record Office, Ipswich branch, PT242/92

Cardinal Wolsey, portrait by Italian school, c. 151520. Private collection. Philip Mould Ltd./Bridgeman Images

Wolsey in procession, from George Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, 1578. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Douce 363, fol. 52v

Anne Boleyn, portrait by English school, c. 15336. National Portrait Gallery, London. De Agostini/Bridgeman Images

Portrait of Stephen Gardiner, sixteenth-century English school. Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk. National Trust Photographic Library/Bridgeman Images

Thomas Howard, portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1539. Royal Collection Trust. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2018 / Bridgeman Images

Thomas Cranmer, portrait by Gerlach Flicke, 15456. National Portrait Gallery, London

Sketch-plan for Anne Boleyns Coronation feast in Westminster Hall, May 1533. British Library, London, MS Harley 41 f. 12. The British Library Board, All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images

Queen Katherine of Aragon, miniature, possibly by Lukas Horenbout, c. 1525. National Portrait Gallery, London

Queen Jane Seymour, portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1536. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Bridgeman Images

Queen Anne of Cleves, portrait by Bartolomaeus Bruyn the Elder, c. 1539. The President and Fellows of St Johns College, Oxford

Queen Katherine Howard, miniature by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1540. The Royal Collection Trust. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2018/Bridgeman Images

Rycote House, watercolour by J. B. Malchair, 1773. By permission of the President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford

Brooke House, Hackney, 1853. Victoria & Albert Museum, London

Gregory Cromwell, miniature by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1537. Royal Collections, the Netherlands.

Thomas Cromwell, miniature by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1537. National Portrait Gallery, London

Gregory Cromwell, miniature by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1540. Pushkin Museum, Moscow, reproduced in G. Habich, Ein Miniature Bildnis von Hans Holbein in Danzig, Zeitschrift fr Bildende Kunst (n.s. xxiv, 1913), 1946, plate 1. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library

Portrait of a lady, probably Elizabeth Seymour, by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 153540. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey, 1926.57

Monument to Gregory, Lord Cromwell, at Launde Abbey, Leicestershire.

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