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Savvas Andronikou Angus Alexander Tracy Kilborn Alastair - ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging

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Savvas Andronikou Angus Alexander Tracy Kilborn Alastair ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging

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Achalasia -- Adenoid Hypertrophy -- Adrenal Masses (Other than Neuroblastoma) -- Anorectal Malformation -- Appendicitis (Acute) -- Ascariasis (Worm Bolus Obstruction) -- Biliary Atresia -- Bochdaleck Hernia (Congenital Diaphragmetic Hernia/CDH) -- Branchial Cleft Anomalies -- Bronchogenic Cysts -- Choledochal Cyst -- Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) -- Congenital Lobar Emphysema (CLE) -- Crohns Disease -- Cystic Hygroma (Lymphatic Malformation) -- Duodenal Atresia (Duodenal Stenosis, Web) -- Duplex Kidney -- Duplication Cyst (Enteric Cyst) -- Empyema -- Epididymo-Orchitis -- Foreign Body Aspiration -- Foreign Body Ingestion (Oesophageal FB) -- Gallstones -- Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux -- Hemangioma -- Infantile Soft Tissue/Cutaneous (Strawberry Nevus) -- Hemangioma -- Liver (Hemangioendothelioma) -- Hematometrocolpos (Hydrometrocolpos) -- Hepatoblastoma -- Hiatus Hernia -- Hirschsprungs Disease (Colonic Aganglionosis) -- Horseshoe Kidney -- Hydatid Cysts (Echinococcus Cyst) -- Hydronephrosis -- Hypertrophic Pyloric Obstruction (HPO) -- Ileal Atresia -- Inguinal Hernia -- Intussusception -- Jejunal Atresia -- Lung Abscess -- Lymphoma -- Malrotation and Volvulus -- Meckels Diverticulum -- Meconium Ileus -- Meconium Peritonitis -- Meconium Plug, Functional Immaturity Syndrome (Small Left Colon Syndrome) -- Mesoblastic Nephroma -- Morgagni Hernia -- Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK) -- Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) -- Nephroblastomatosis -- Neuroblastoma -- Non-Accidental Injury (NAI) -- Oesophageal Atresia -- Oesophageal Caustic Stricture -- Ovarian Cyst -- Pancreatitis (Acute) -- Parotid Mass -- Pelviureteric Junction (PUJ) Obstruction -- Posterior Urethral Valve (PUV) -- Ranula (Plunging Ranula) -- Renal Calculi -- Renal Ectopia (Crossed Fused Ectopia/Pelvic Kidney) -- Retropharyngeal Abscess (Pre-vertebral abscess) -- Rhabdomyosarcoma -- Sacrococcygeal Teratoma -- Scrotal Mass (See Sects. Torsion Testis and Epidydimo-Orchitis for Acute Scrotum) -- Sequestration Pulmonary (Sequestrated Segment) -- Sternomastoid Pseudotumour (Fibromatosis Colli) -- Takayasus Arteritis -- Thymic Mass/Cyst -- Thyroglossal Cyst -- Thyroid Neoplasm -- Tonsillar Abscess (Quinsy) -- Torsion Testis -- Trauma Abdomen -- Trauma Chest -- Tuberculosis of the Abdomen -- Urachal Abnormality (Patent Urachus/Urachal Cyst/Sinus/Diverticulum) -- Varicocoele -- Venous Malformations (Including Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome) -- Vesicoureteric Reflux (VUR) -- Wilms Tumour (Nephroblastoma).;This book has been designed to serve as a quick reference that will assist in decision making. The book is ordered alphabetically according to diagnoses. The intention is that the clinician consults the information on a suspected diagnosis, and then considers the listed surgical and radiological differential diagnoses. A total of 80 common diagnoses are covered. For each diagnosis, the left-hand page presents information relevant to the surgeon, while the right-hand page is designed for the radiologist. The information for the surgeon comprises clinical insights, including symptoms, warnings.

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Savvas Andronikou , Angus Alexander , Tracy Kilborn , Alastair J. W. Millar and Alan Daneman (eds.) ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging 10.1007/978-3-540-89385-1_1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
Achalasia
S. Cox 1
(1)
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
(2)
Radio-diagnosis Department, Stellenbosch University, Medical Faculty Building, 5th floor, Parow, Cape Town, South Africa
S. Cox (Corresponding author)
Email:
A. Maydell
Email:
Clinical Insights Primary motility disorder of the oesophagus Failure of - photo 1 Clinical Insights
  • Primary motility disorder of the oesophagus.
  • Failure of a hypertensive lower oesophageal sphincter to relax in response to swallowing results in a functional obstruction at the gastro-oesophageal junction.
  • Fewer than 5% of cases occur in children.
  • Symptoms include dysphagia (most common), regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain, heartburn and weight loss.
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 2 Warning
  • Risk of aspiration of contrast material in advanced cases
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 3 Controversies
  • The cause is still debated.
  • Should surgical myotomy be accompanied by an anti-reflux procedure?
Urgency Emergency Urgent Elective What the Surgeon Needs to Know - photo 4 Urgency
  • Emergency
  • Urgent
  • Elective
What the Surgeon Needs to Know The function of the oesophagus Is - photo 5 What the Surgeon Needs to Know
  • The function of the oesophagus: Is peristalsis uncoordinated or nonpropulsive?
  • Does the lower oesophageal sphincter fail to relax during swallowing?
  • The structure of the oesophagus: Does the oesophagus taper at the un-relaxed sphincter?
  • Is there dilation of the oesophageal body?
  • Is there pooling of barium or food residue in the oesophagus?
Clinical Differential Diagnosis Acquired strictures Due to - photo 6 Clinical Differential Diagnosis
  • Acquired strictures Due to gastro-oesophagael reflux and caustic ingestion.
  • Congenital strictures in the form of fibrocartilagenous remnants.
  • Oesophageal infections.
  • Chagas disease may cause a similar disorder.
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 7 Imaging Options
  • Primary: Contrast swallow
  • Additional: CXR
  • Back-up: Oesophageal manometry and pH studies
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 8 Imaging Findings
  • CXR: Airfluid level in oesophagus
  • Contrast swallow:
    • Oesophagus is dilated; distal oesophagus is narrow bird's beak.
    • Slow passage of contrast through lower oesophageal sphincter.
    • Abnormal contractions in oesophagus.
CXR An airfluid level arrow is present in the superior mediastinum in - photo 9
CXR An airfluid level ( arrow ) is present in the superior mediastinum in keeping with an oesopha-geal obstruction. In this child, it is due to achalasia
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 10
Contrast swallow A birds-beak narrowing ( arrow ) is seen at the distal oesophagus with dilation proximal to this
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 11 Tips
  • Work-up should include gastroscopy to rule out malignancy.
Radiological Differential Diagnosis Oesophagitis Oesophageal stricture - photo 12 Radiological Differential Diagnosis
  • Oesophagitis
  • Oesophageal stricture
  • Obstructing mass (cyst)
Savvas Andronikou , Angus Alexander , Tracy Kilborn , Alastair J. W. Millar and Alan Daneman (eds.) ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging 10.1007/978-3-540-89385-1_2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
Adenoid Hypertrophy
O. Basson 1
(1)
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
O. Basson (Corresponding author)
Email:
S. Przybojewski
Email:
Clinical Insights The adenoid is a mass of lymphoid tissue at the junction - photo 13 Clinical Insights
  • The adenoid is a mass of lymphoid tissue at the junction of roof and posterior wall of nasopharynx.
  • Hypertrophy is the most common cause of nasopharyngeal obstruction in babies and children.
  • Symptoms due to disproportion in size of adenoids and nasopharynx are most common from 28 years.
  • May present as feeding problems in babies as they need to stop sucking to breathe.
  • Leads to chronic mouth breathing, rhinitis/sinusitis, snoring, sleep apnoea, day-time somnolence and otitis media.
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 14 Warning
  • If airway obstruction is severe and prolonged, the patient can present with cor pulmonale.
ABC of Pediatric Surgical Imaging - image 15 Controversy
  • Lateral soft-tissue X-ray is less invasive, but less accurate, than nasoendoscopy.
Urgency Emergency Urgent Elective What the Surgeon Needs to Know - photo 16
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