Kenneth Egol - Handbook of Fractures

1. Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of
   Fractures of the Radial and Ulna Shaft
2. Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of
   Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures

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To my family, Lori, Alexander, Jonathan, and Gabrielle, and to my mentors, KJK, JDZ, and MJB.

K ENNETH A. E GOL

To my children who are constants in my life and have always been there for me. Thank you Courtney, Michael, and Lauren. And to my parents who provided me guidance and inspiration throughout my life.

K ENNETH J. K OVAL

To the residents and faculty of the NYU Langone Health Department of Orthopedic Surgery for all of their support during the past 30 years and to Ken Egol who has brought this book to new levels of excellence.

J OSEPH D. Z UCKERMAN

Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; those followed by t indicate tables.

A

Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), 17, 19 t

ABCDE. See Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure

Abdominal injuries, multiple trauma, 24

Above-knee cast, 5

Acetabular fractures, 54

Acetabulum fractures

anatomy, 350, 351 f

classification, 353354

clinical evaluation, 352

complications, 365

epidemiology, 350

intraoperative imaging, 774

mechanism of injury, 351352

radiographic evaluation, 352353, 353 f, 354 f , 355 f

treatment, 358365, 359 f

Achilles tendon rupture

anatomy, 508

clinical evaluation, 508, 509 f

epidemiology, 508

treatment, 509510

Acromial fractures

classification of, 159, 161 f, 163

pediatric, 593

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries

anatomy, 145, 146 f

associated fractures and injuries, 146

classification, 147, 148 t, 149 f

clinical evaluation, 147

complications, 150

epidemiology, 145

mechanism of injury, 146, 146 f

radiographic evaluation, 147

treatment, 147, 150

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries, pediatric

anatomy, 587

classification, 588, 589 f

clinical evaluation, 588

complications, 590

epidemiology, 587

mechanism of injury, 587

radiographic evaluation, 588

treatment, 589

Adjunctive fixation, distal radius fractures, 283

Adjuvant therapy, in pathologic fractures, 47

Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), 26

Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure (ABCDE), 13, 26

Allen-Ferguson classification of cervical spine injuries, 111115, 111 f, 112 f, 113 f, 114 f

Allis method, closed reduction in hip dislocations, 373, 374 f

Allman classification of clavicle fractures, 141142, 141 f

Allman classification of pediatric clavicle fracture, 585, 586 f

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, femoral shaft fracture, 51, 51 f

American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, 89

American Spinal Injury Association neurologic assessment, 89, 9091 f

Analgesia, 6477

classes of drugs, 64

local anesthetics, 6465

moderate sedation, 7677

nitrous oxide, 6869

opioids, 6667

regional blocks and conscious sedation, 6975

sedatives, 6768

vasoconstrictors, 66

Anal wink reflex, 85 t

Animal bites, hand, 315

Ankle

epidemiology, 482

injuries ( See also specific type of fracture)

anatomy, 482486, 483 f, 484 f, 485 f, 486 f

chronic dislocation, 498, 498 f

classification, 489494

clinical evaluation, 487

complications, 497498

intraoperative imaging, 778780, 779 f

mechanism of, 486487

radiographic evaluation, 487489, 488 f

rotational fractures, 482

treatment, 494497

lateral ligament injuries

classification, 504

clinical evaluation, 504505

mechanism of injury, 504

radiographic evaluation, 505

treatment, 505506

pediatric

anatomy, 740

axial compression injury, 743, 744 f

classification, 742746

clinical evaluation, 741

complications, 748

epidemiology, 740

juvenile Tillaux fractures, 743, 744 f, 747