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The 16 LIVESSeries

JAMES CONNOLLYLorcan Collins

MICHAEL MALLINBrian Hughes

JOSEPH PLUNKETTHonor O Brolchain

ROGER CASEMENTAngus Mitchell

THOMAS CLARKELaura Walsh

EDWARD DALYHelen Litton

SEN HEUSTONJohn Gibney

SEN MACDIARMADABrian Feeney

AMONN CEANNTMary Gallagher

JOHN MACBRIDEWilliam Henry

WILLIE PEARSERoisn N Ghairbh

THOMAS MACDONAGHT Ryle Dwyer

THOMAS KENTMeda Ryan

CON COLBERTJohn OCallaghan

MICHAEL OHANRAHANConor Kostick

PATRICK PEARSERun ODonnell

For my son and daughter, Mahon and Isolde Carmody.

Assembling historical information is like making a jigsaw out of jelly; each piece disappears into the whole which, in turn, grows bigger and wider. Often it is the very small pieces which make the difference and often they are handed on with great generosity by people who have a real awareness of their value. I have experienced this generosity over and over again and would like to thank all those who offered ideas, facts, anecdotes and documents for this book. This includes those who donate information to the World Wide Web, often without knowing whether it is being used or appreciated.

The following people contributed substantially to the process:

Dr William J. McCormack, the late Donal ODonovan, James Connolly Heron, Paul Turnell, Art O Laoghaire, Major General (Rtd.) David Nial Creagh, The OMorchoe, Charles Lysaght, Maeve OLeary, Jenny and Andrew Robinson, Dr John ODonnell and Michael ODonnell, David Lillis, Mary Plunkett, Dr Carla Keating, Dr Anne Matthews, Henry Fairbrother, David Kilmartin, Anna Farmar, Lucille Redmond, Muriel McAuley, Seosamh O Ceallaigh, Grainne Nic Giolla Chearr and Alice Nic Giolla Chearr, Patrick Cooney, Terry Baker, the OBrien Press team, especially Helen Carr, Lorcan Collins and Run ODonnell.

The following institutions and their curators were, as always, crucial, helpful and civilised: the National Library of Ireland, especially the Reprographic Services who were exceptionally helpful, University College Dublin Archive, and very special thanks to the Internet Archive, the Digital Library of Free Books; the Defence Forces, Ireland, Bureau of Military History; Stonyhurst College Archive, Archivist: David Knight; Catholic University Schools Archive, Archivist: Kevin Jennings; Belvedere College Archive, Archivist: Tom Doyle.

I must also mention two organisations which are personal enablers in my professional life, the National Council for the Blind of Ireland and Irish Guide Dogs for the Blind.

As often happens there is one person who must take the lions share of thanks: my husband, Brendan Ellis, has, from the beginning, been a major part of all the processes from dictating about one thousand documents to me to store for use on the computer, taping documents, reading, researching and, in the final stages, reading and proofing the manuscript and offering positive and negative criticism. Inestimable, unquantifiable and always kindly done!

184551. The Great Hunger in Ireland. One million people die and over the next decades millions more emigrate.

1858, March 17. The Irish Republican Brotherhood, or Fenians , are formed with the express intention of overthrowing British rule in Ireland by whatever means necessary.

1867, February and March. Fenian Uprising.

1870, May. Home Rule movement , founded by Isaac Butt, who had previously campaigned for amnesty for Fenian prisoners.

187981. The Land War. Violent agrarian agitation against English landlords.

1884, November 1. The Gaelic Athletic Association founded immediately infiltrated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB).

1893, July 31. Gaelic League founded by Douglas Hyde and Eoin MacNeill. The Gaelic Revival, a period of Irish Nationalism , pride in the language, history , culture and sport.

1900, September. Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish Council) founded by Arthur Griffith.

190507. Cumann na nGaedheal, the Dungannon Clubs and the National Council are amalgamated to form Sinn Fin (We Ourselves).

1909, August. Countess Markievicz and Bulmer Hobson organise nationalist youths into Na Fianna ireann (Warriors of Ireland) a kind of boy scout brigade.

1912, April. Prime Minister Asquith introduces the Third Home Rule Bill to the British Parliament . Passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords, the Bill would have to become law due to the Parliament Act. Home Rule expected to be introduced for Ireland by autumn 1914.

1913, January. Sir Edward Carson and James Craig set up Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) with the intention of defending Ulster against Home Rule.

1913. Jim Larkin, founder of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU), calls for a workers strike for better pay and conditions.

1913, August 31. Jim Larkin speaks at a banned rally on Sackville Street; Bloody Sunday.

1913, November 23. James Connolly , Jack White and Jim Larkin establish the Irish Citizen Army (ICA) in order to protect strikers.

1913, November 25. The Irish Volunteers founded in Dublin to secure the rights and liberties common to all the people of Ireland.

1914, March 20. Resignations of British officers force British government not to use British army to enforce Home Rule, an event known as the Curragh Mutiny.

1914, April 2. In Dublin, Agnes OFarrelly, Mary MacSwiney, Countess Markievicz and others establish Cumann na mBan as a womens volunteer force dedicated to establishing Irish freedom and assisting the Irish Volunteers.

1914, April 24. A shipment of 35,000 rifles and five million rounds of ammunition is landed at Larne for the UVF.

1914, July 26. Irish Volunteers unload a shipment of 900 rifles and 45,000 rounds of ammunition shipped from Germany aboard Erskine Childers yacht, the Asgard. British troops fire on crowd on Bachelors Walk, Dublin. Three citizens are killed.

1914, August 4. Britain declares war on Germany. Home Rule for Ireland shelved for the duration of the First World War.

1914, September 9. Meeting held at Gaelic League headquarters between IRB and other extreme republicans. Initial decision made to stage an uprising while Britain is at war.

1914, September. 170,000 leave the Volunteers and form the National Volunteers or Redmondites . Only 11,000 remain as the Irish Volunteers under Eoin MacNeill .

1915, MaySeptember. Military Council of the IRB is formed.

1915, August 1. Pearse gives fiery oration at the funeral of Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa.

1916, January 1922. James Connolly joins the IRB Military Council, thus ensuring that the ICA shall be involved in the Rising. Rising date confirmed for Easter.

1916, April 20, 4.15pm. The Aud arrives at Tralee Bay, laden with 20,000 German rifles for the Rising. Captain Karl Spindler waits in vain for a signal from shore.

1916, April 21, 2.15am. Roger Casement and his two companions go ashore from U-19 and land on Banna Strand. Casement is arrested at McKennas Fort.

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