Robert Bireley - Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, S.J., and the Formation of Imperial Policy

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Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, S.J., and the Formation of Imperial Policy
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Robert Bireley / SJ
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UNC Press Books
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2012
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Confirming what historians have long suspected--that the influence of a court confessor could be crucial for the formation of policy--Bireley explores the relationship between Ferdinand and Lamormaini during the Thirty Years War. The author shows how Lamormaini planned for the restoration of Catholicism in Germany and documents in detail his influence on Ferdinand, his conflict with Ferdinands first minister, and his relationships with other important figures in Vienna and Rome.
Originally published in 1981.
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Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counterreformation

1981 The University of North Carolina Press

Manufactured in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Bireley, Robert.

Religion and politics in the age of the counterreformation.

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

1. GermanyHistory1618-1648. 2. Thirty Years War, 16181648. 3. Counter-ReformationGermany. 4. Ferdinand II, Emperor of Germany, 15781637. 5. Lamormaini, William. I. Title.
DDI89.B54 943.042 80-27334
ISBN 0-8078-1470-9

To My Fellow Jesuits
at Loyola University of Chicago

Contents

CHAPTER 1
People and Policies to 1624

CHAPTER 2
Conflicts among Counterreformers, 16241626

CHAPTER 3
Restoration in the Empire, 16261627

CHAPTER 4
New Commitments, 16281629

CHAPTER 5
Complications, 16291630

CHAPTER 6
Lamormainis Triumph: Regensburg, 1630

CHAPTER 7
The Monastery Controversy

CHAPTER 8
Last Chance for Compromise: Frankfurt, 1631

CHAPTER 9
The Nadir, 16311632

CHAPTER 10
Recovery, 16331634

CHAPTER 11
The End of a Program: Prague, 1635

Illustrations

Ferdinand II, portrait by Martin von Falckenberg

Christ Speaking to Ferdinand, from the Annales Ferdinandei

The Jesuit or University Church, Vienna

Ferdinands Imperial Coronation (1619), from the Laurea Austriaca 5

Annotated Pages from Lamormainis The Virtues of Ferdinand II, Emperor of the Romans 7

William Lamormaini, S.J., portrait by S. Dworzak

Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, portrait from the Conterfet Kupfferstich

The Eggenberg Palace, Graz 11

MAP

The Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years War

Preface

She Jesuit William Lamormaini served as the confessor of Emperor Ferdinand II from 1624 until the emperors death in 1637. He must be counted among the major figures of the Counterreformation in Central Europe. Yet Lamormaini has been the subject of little scholarly attention. My own suspicion of his importance rose immensely when I discovered nearly one thousand letters in the Roman Archives of the Society of Jesus written by the superior general of the Jesuits to Lamormaini during his tenure as confessor in Vienna. To be sure, Lamormaini comes to the attention of anyone who reads a standard account of the Thirty Years War, such as those by C. V. Wedgwood or George Pags. His name turns up in any treatment of the controversial general Wallenstein, as in the recent biography by Golo Mann. But the only major piece to appear on Lamormaini in the past fifty years is the account by Andreas Posch in the Biographie nationale du pays de Luxembourg published in 1953, which appeared in a slightly condensed form two years later in the Mitteilungen des Instituts fr sterreichische Geschichtsforschung.

When I first became interested in Lamormaini, I was engaged in research on the Elector Maximilian of Bavaria and the Jesuit Adam Contzen, who was his confessor for nearly the same span Lamormaini held the post in Vienna. The results, which I published in Maximilian von Bayern, Adam Contzen, S.J., und die Gegenreformation in Deutschland, 16241635, showed that religious or ideological motives often outweighed political ones with Maximilian and that Contzen, who had a major role in policy making, was partly responsible for this. This finding suggested that the same might be the case with Lamormaini and Ferdinand, who after Maximilian best incorporated the ideal of the Counter-reformation prince in Germany and held a more exalted position. Indeed, the secondary literature pointed in this direction. My purpose in this book, then, is to study in detail the impact Lamormaini had on the policy of Emperor Ferdinand II. Obviously, this entails a careful look at the government in Vienna in action and at the complicated politics and foreign relations of the Thirty Years War. My hope is to make a contribution to the understanding of the ideological character of the war and the complex relationship between religion and politics during the Counterreformation. More generally, the story of Ferdinand and Lamormaini illustrates the extent to which ideas move men and make history.

A few remarks about procedure and usage are in order. All translations are my own. I have kept close to the text in order to preserve its flavor even at the occasional expense of readability. Often enough I have made use of the manuscript copy of published sources. This was necessary because the documents were not published in their entirety or because their handwriting was significant for my purpose. In such cases I have cited the manuscript and the published text. If a manuscript source has only been cited or referred to in a documentary collection, as is often the case in the Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte des Dreissigjhrigen Krieges, I have not cited the collection if I have consulted the manuscript. In citing documents and especially letters, I have not indicated whether a document is an original, a register copy (as which the final draft usually served), or another copy, unless this seemed significant in the context. Often it is evident from the text. Nor have I indicated the place of origin of letters unless this was particularly noteworthy and not clear from the text.

The names of persons and places have caused me many a headache. My chief concern has been to employ the form that seemed most natural in the context. Usually this meant the anglicized form for rulers and major figures of the narrative, for example, William Lamormaini instead of Wilhelm Lamormaini, and the foreign form for others, Heinrich Philippi instead of Henry Philippi. Ranks and titles are given in the English form as are place names. In instances where there are two or more names for the same place, for example Pressburg, Pozsony, Bratislava, I have indicated the different names at the first mention in the text and tried subsequently to find a compromise between the name most familiar in the seventeenth century and to the reader of today.

The term imperial is used in two different but related senses. Usually it refers to the emperor and means the same as kaiserlich, as in the traditional fears of imperial authority. Sometimes, however, it refers to the Empire or Reich, as in imperial diet or imperial constitution. The use in each case is, I trust, clear from the context.

A substantial portion of chapter eleven was published in an earlier form as a demand article, The Peace of Prague (1635) and the Counter-reformation in Germany, by the Journal of Modern History, vol. 48 (1976), copyright 1976 by The University of Chicago Press. For the right to use this I am grateful to the Journal of Modern History and to The University of Chicago Press.

I am grateful to many people for the aid and support they have given me as I worked on this book. The National Endowment for the Humanities awarded me a Fellowship for Younger Humanists for the academic year 197273, during which time I did much of the basic research. A research fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies enabled me to spend the spring and summer of 1979 bringing the manuscript into its final form. Grants-in-aid from the American Council of Learned Societies and the American Philosophical Society helped make it possible for me to spend most of the academic year 197576 preparing the rough draft of the manuscript and traveling in Europe to check further sources. The Loyola University of Chicago Committee on Research has been most helpful. It has made available several summer research grants, seen to the typing of the final manuscript, and provided a generous subsidy for publication. For this I am especially indebted to the universitys research director, Dr. Thomas Bennett, and his predecessor, Rev. Matthew Creighton, S.J. Mrs. Arlene Ranalli did an outstanding job in preparing the typescript of the text. Mr. Lewis Bateman, executive editor of The University of North Carolina Press, has continually shown interest in my work. His regularly prompt response to communications is especially appreciated.

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