Heinrich Graetz - History of the Jews, Vol. 4 (of 6)

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HISTORY OF THE JEWS

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HISTORY OF THE
JEWS

BY
HEINRICH GRAETZ

VOL. IV

From the Rise of the Kabbala (1270 C. E.) to the
Permanent Settlement of the Marranos
in Holland (1618 C. E.)

PHILADELPHIA
The Jewish Publication Society of America
57171956

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Copyright, 1894,
By the Jewish Publication Society of America.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher: except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

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CONTENTS.

page

CULTIVATION OF THE KABBALA, AND PROSCRIPTION OF SCIENCE.

Progress of the KabbalaTodros Halevi and his SonsIsaac Allatif and his Kabbalistic DoctrinesAdventurous Career of Abraham AbulafiaHe assumes the Character of MessiahOpposition of Ben AdretThe Prophet of AvilaJoseph Jikatilla and his Kabbalistic MazesThe Impostor Moses de LeonForgeries of the KabbalistsOrigin of the ZoharIts Doctrines and InfluenceShem-Tob FalaqueraIsaac AlbalagLevi of VillefrancheSamuel Sulami and MeriAbba-Mari's Exaggerated ZealJacob ben Machir Profatius and the Controversy regarding the Study of ScienceAsheriThe Poet Yedaya Bedaresi

12701328 C.E.

THE FIRST EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM FRANCE, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.

Philip le BelThe Jews of France plundered and banishedEstori Parchi; Aaron Cohen; Laments of BedaresiEleazar of Chinon, the MartyrReturn of the Jews to France; their Precarious PositionProgress of the Controversy regarding the Study of PhilosophyAbba-Mari and AsheriDeath of Ben AdretRabbinical Revival in SpainIsaac Israeli IISamuel and the Queen Maria MolinaDon Juan Emanuel and Judah Ibn-WakarThe Jews of RomeRobert of Naples and the JewsPeril of the Jews in RomeKalonymos ben Kalonymos, his SatiresImmanuel and DanteThe Poet Judah SicilianoLeone Romano and King RobertShemarya IkritiPosition of KaraismAaron the Elder and the Prayer-Book of the Karaites

13061328 C.E.

THE AGE OF THE ASHERIDES AND OF GERSONIDES.

Condition of PalestinePilgrims and ImmigrantsShem Tob Ibn-GaonFavorable Position of the Jews in Castile under Alfonso XIPersecution in NavarreJoseph de Ecija and Samuel Ibn-WakarIncrease of Anti-Jewish FeelingsAbner-Alfonso of Burgos, Convert to Christianity, and Persecutor of the JewsGonzalo MartinezFall of Martinez and Deliverance of the JewsDecline of the Study of ScienceThe Study of the Talmud prosecuted with Renewed VigorJacob and Judah AsheriIsaac Pulgar, David Ibn-AlbillaThe Provenal Philosophers Ibn-Kaspi, Leon de Bagnols, and Vidal NarboniDecline of the Study of the Talmud in GermanyEmperor Louis of Bavaria and the JewsPersecution by the "Leather-Arms"

13281350 C.E.

THE BLACK DEATH.

Rise of the False Accusation against Jews of Poisoning the WellsMassacres in Southern France and CataloniaThe Friendly Bull of Pope Clement VITerrible Massacres in all Parts of GermanyConfessions wrung from the Jews on the RackThe Flagellants as a Scourge for the JewsKing Casimir of PolandPersecution in BrusselsThe Black Death in SpainDon Pedro the Cruel and the JewsSantob de Carrion and Samuel AbulafiaFall of Don Pedro and its Consequences for the JewsReturn of the Jews to France and GermanyThe "Golden Bull"Manessier de VesoulMatathiah Mer HaleviSynod at Mayence

13481380 C.E.

THE AGE OF CHASDA CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET.

The Jews of Spain after the Civil WarJoseph Pichon and Samuel AbrabanelThe Apostates: John of ValladolidMenachem ben Zerach, Chasda Crescas, and Isaac ben SheshetChayim Gallipapa and his InnovationsPrevt Aubriot and the Jews of ParisThe French RabbinateRevival of Jewish Influence in SpainThe Jews of PortugalThe Jewish Statesmen, David and Judah NegroRabbis and ClergyPersecutions in Germany and SpainThe First Germs of the InquisitionSecond Expulsion of the Jews from FranceThe Convert Pessach-PeterLipmann of Mhlhausen

13691380 C.E.

JEWISH APOSTATES AND THE DISPUTATION AT TORTOSA.

The MarranosThe SatiristsPero Ferrus of Alcala, Diego de Valencia, and VillasandinoAstruc Raimuch and Solomon BonfedPaul de Santa Maria and his Zealous Campaign against the JewsJoshua Ibn-VivesProfiat Duran (Efodi)Mer AlguadesThe Philosophy of CrescasDeath of Henry III of Castile and Unfavorable Change in the Position of the JewsMessianic Dreams of the KabbalistsJews seek an Asylum in Northern AfricaSimon DuranGeronimo de Santa F, Vincent Ferrer and Benedict XIIIAnti-Jewish Edict of Juan IISpecial Jewish CostumeConversion of Jews owing to Ferrer's Violent EffortsDisputation at TortosaThe Jewish Spokesmen at the ConferenceIncidents of the MeetingGeronimo instigates the Publication of a Bull for the Burning of the TalmudPope Martin V befriends the Jews

13911420 C.E.

THE HUSSITES. PROGRESS OF JEWISH LITERATURE.

The Hussite HeresyConsequences for the Jews involved in the StruggleJacob MlinAbraham Benveniste and Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob in the Service of the Castilian CourtIsaac Campanton, the Poet Solomon DafieraMoses da RietiAnti-Christian Polemical LiteratureChayim Ibn-MusaSimon Duran and his Son SolomonJoseph Albo as a Religious PhilosopherJewish Philosophical SystemsEdict of the Council of Basle against the JewsFanatical Outbreaks in MajorcaAstruc Sibili and his Conversion to Christianity

14201442 C.E.

CAPISTRANO AND HIS PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS.

Pope Eugenius IV, under the Influence of Alfonso de Cartagena, changes his Attitude towards the JewsHis Bull against the Spanish and Italian Jews in 1442Don Juan II defends the JewsPope Nicholas V's HostilityLouis of BavariaThe Philosopher Nicholas of Cusa and his Relation to JudaismJohn of CapistranoHis Influence with the People is turned against the JewsCapistrano in Bavaria and WrzburgExpulsion of the Breslau CommunityExpulsion of the Jews from Brnn and OlmtzThe Jews of Poland under Casimir IVCapture of Constantinople by Mahomet IIThe Jews find an Asylum in TurkeyThe KaraitesMoses KapsaliIsaac ZarfatiPosition of the Jews of SpainPersecutions directed by Alfonso de SpinaThe Condition of the Marranos

14421474 C.E.

THE JEWS IN ITALY AND GERMANY BEFORE THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN.

Position of the Jews of ItalyThe Jewish BankersYechiel of PisaHis Relations with Don Isaac AbrabanelJewish Physicians, Guglielmo di PortaleoneRevival of Learning among Italian JewsMesser Leon and Elias del MedigoPico di Mirandola, the Disciple of MedigoPredilection of Christians for the KabbalaJochanan AlemanReligious Views of Del MedigoGerman Rabbis immigrate into ItalyJoseph Kolon, his Character and his Feud with Messer LeonJudah Menz, an Antagonist of Del MedigoBernardinus of FeltreJews banished from Trent on a False Charge of Child-MurderThe Doge of Venice and Pope Sixtus IV befriend the JewsSufferings of the Jews of RatisbonIsrael BrunaSynod at NurembergEmperor Frederick III

14741492 C.E.

THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN.

Jewish Blood in the Veins of the Spanish NobilityThe Marranos cling to Judaism and manifest Unconquerable Antipathy to ChristianityFerdinand and IsabellaThe Dominicans, Alfonso de Ojeda, Diego de Merlo, and Pedro de SolisThe Catechism of the MarranosA Polemical Work against the Catholic Church and Despotism gives a Powerful Impulse to the InquisitionThe Tribunal is established in 1480Miguel Morillo and Juan de San Martin are the first InquisitorsThe Inquisition in SevilleThe "Edict of Grace"The Procession and the Auto-da-fThe Numbers of the Accused and CondemnedPope Sixtus IV and his Vacillating Policy with Regard to the InquisitionThe Inquisition under the first Inquisitor General, Thomas de Torquemada; its ConstitutionsThe Marranos of AragonThey are charged with the Death of the Inquisitor ArbuesPersecutions and VictimsProceedings against two Bishops Favorable to the Jews, De Avila and De Aranda

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