Professor Emeritus of Hokkaido University, 228-7399 Nakagawa, Hosoe-cho, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu 431-1304, Japan
Dean and Professor, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, University Town, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province 518055, China
Professor Emeritus of Hokkaido University, 702, 1-1 Nishi-10, Minami-15, Chuou-ku, Sapporo 064-0915, Japan
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First published 2014
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Preface
Carbon materials, the targeted materials of the present book, are very important in many fields of science, engineering, and technology, and so papers reporting on carbon material are published in journals in a wide range of specialties. Even focusing on a specific subjectfor example, carbon nanotubes, template carbonization, anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, and so onhuge numbers of scientific papers are published. Therefore, the search of related references published in journals without omission is an onerous and time-consuming task. Naturally, it is not easy to provide a comprehensive overview of a particular subject within the science of carbon and cover the whole range of material released. That is what makes it so challenging; and above all, comprehensive summary and review of the published results are remarkably helpful to many people and vital to further development of the field.
In the present book, the authors attempt to give summaries and reviews on selected themes concerning carbon materials, based on the material and information, as much as is obtainable to us. Principal results in advanced materials science and engineering of carbon materials are reviewed with reference to a vast number of papers published in scientific journals. The book is organized into 17 chapters, including the introduction in , carbon materials used in specific fields are reviewed: electrochemical capacitors; lithium-ion rechargeable batteries; photocatalysis; spilled-oil recovery; adsorption of hydrogen, methane, volatile organic compounds, and metal ions; highly-oriented and highly-crystalline graphite, emphasizing its high thermal conductivity; and isotropic high-density graphite, emphasizing its nuclear applications.
To understand the advanced science and engineering of carbon materials, a wide range of fundamental knowledge in the field of carbon materials is essential; that is, knowledge of aspects such as carbonization, graphitization, intercalation, and so on, in addition to basic knowledge of chemistry, physics, biology, and other subjects. For readers convenience, it is recommended to consult Carbon Materials Science and Engineering: From Fundamentals to Applications, published by Tsinghua University Press. The book will supply fundamental knowledge on carbon materials and help in the understanding of the broad range of topics in the present book.
It would give great pleasure to the authors if the content of this book can provide useful information which may be used to inspire the readers to new research directions.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the people who kindly provided the data and figures for this book. They also thank all of the people who have taken care of this book in Tsinghua University Press and also in Elsevier.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Abstract
Carbon materials are classified into four carbon families and briefly summarized by emphasizing the importance of their nanotexture and microtexture for understanding their structure and properties. Nanotexture of carbon materials can be classified on the basis of preferred orientation of basic structural units (crystallite) having high anisotropy.
Keywords
Carbon materials; carbon families; structure; nanotexture; microtexture
Carbon materials have always played important roles for human beings; for example, charcoals as a heat source and adsorbent since prehistoric times, flaky natural graphite powder as pencil lead and soot in black ink in the development of communication techniques, graphite electrodes in steel production, carbon blacks for reinforcing tires in the development of motorization, graphite membrane switches making computers and control panels thinner and lighter, carbon fibers for reinforcing plastics, high-purity graphite blocks in nuclear reactors, compounds of graphite with fluorine in lithium primary batteries, graphite in lithium-ion secondary batteries. Many carbon materials have been developed and more will be developed in the future. They are widely used from the home to the industrial setting.