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Bicknell - America 1844: Religious Fervor, Westward Expansion, and the Presidential Election That Transformed the Nation

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Bicknell America 1844: Religious Fervor, Westward Expansion, and the Presidential Election That Transformed the Nation
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America 1844: Religious Fervor, Westward Expansion, and the Presidential Election That Transformed the Nation: summary, description and annotation

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The presidential election of 1844 was one of the two or three most momentous elections in American history. Had Henry Clay won instead of James K. Polk, wed be living in a very different country today. Polks victory cemented the westward expansion that brought Texas, California, and Oregon into the union. It also took place amid religious turmoil that included anti-Mormon and anti-Catholic violence, and the Great Disappointment, in which thousands of followers of an obscure preacher named William Miller believed Christ would return to earth in October 1844.

Author and journalist John Bicknell details even more compelling, interwoven events that occurred during this momentous year: the murder of Joseph Smith, the religious fermentation of the Second Great Awakening, John C. Frmonts exploration of the West, Charles Goodyears patenting of vulcanized rubber, the near-death of President John Tyler in a freak naval explosion, and much more. All of these elements illustrate the competing visions of the American futureDemocrats versus Whigs, Mormons versus Millerites, nativists versus Catholics, those who risked the venture westward versus those who stayed safely behindand how Polks election cemented the vision of a continental nation

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T he presidential election of 1844 was one of the two or three most momentous elections in American history. Had Henry Clay won instead of James K. Polk, wed be living in a very different country today. Polks victory cemented the westward expansion that brought Texas, California, and Oregon into the union. It also took place amid religious turmoil that included anti-Mormon and anti-Catholic violence, and the Great Disappointment, in which thousands of followers of an obscure preacher named William Miller believed Christ would return to earth in October 1844.

Author and journalist John Bicknell details even more compelling, interwoven events that occurred during this momentous year: the murder of Joseph Smith, the religious fermentation of the Second Great Awakening, John C. Frmonts exploration of the West, Charles Goodyears patenting of vulcanized rubber, the near-death of President John Tyler in a freak naval explosion, and much more. All of these elements illustrate the competing visions of the American futureDemocrats versus Whigs, Mormons versus Millerites, nativists versus Catholics, those who risked the venture westward versus those who stayed safely behindand how Polks election cemented the vision of a continental nation.

Copyright 2015 by John Bicknell All rights reserved Published by Chicago Review - photo 1

Copyright 2015 by John Bicknell

All rights reserved

Published by Chicago Review Press Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN 978-1-61373-010-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Is available from the Library of Congress.

Interior design: PerfecType, Nashville, TN

Printed in the United States of America

5 4 3 2 1

For Arwen

C ONTENTS

Index

1844 C HRONOLOGY

J ANUARY

28William Miller begins his final East Coast tour in Boston.
29The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles nominates Mormon prophet Joseph Smith for president of the United States.

F EBRUARY

19John C. Frmont crosses the summit of the Sierra Nevada into California.
22An article in the Adventist newspaper Midnight Cry questions the March 21 date for the second coming of Christ.
28An explosion aboard the USS Princeton kills six people, including Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur.

M ARCH

6President John Tyler nominates John C. Calhoun as secretary of state.
21The first date on which Millerites expected the second coming of Christ passes and is dubbed the spring disappointment.

A PRIL

3Samuel Snows February article on the October date for the second coming is reprinted in the Advent Herald.
12Annexation treaty between Texas and the United States is signed.
13Samuel Colts submarine battery sinks the Styx in a demonstration off the Washington Navy Yard.
22Texas annexation treaty is submitted to the Senate.
23James K. Polks letter supporting annexation is published.
27Anti-annexation letters from Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren are published, as is Calhouns Pakenham Letter.

M AY

1Whig Party convention nominates Henry Clay for president and Theodore Frelinghuysen for vice president. The news is sent to Washington via an uncompleted telegraph line.
68Violence between nativists and Irish Catholics ravages Philadelphias Kensington neighborhood and results in at least six deaths.
17Joseph Smith is officially nominated for president by an Illinois state convention of his supporters in Nauvoo.
18The Stevens-Townsend-Murphy party departs Council Bluffs, Iowa, for California.
24Before an audience of congressmen, Samuel F. B. Morse taps out What hath God wrought on the first completed telegraph line, running between Washington and Baltimore.
25The Baltimore Patriot publishes the first telegraphed news dispatch, concerning a House vote against debating the Oregon question.
27A rump convention of supporters nominates President John Tyler as an independent candidate for reelection.
29Democrats nominate James K. Polk for president, with George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania for vice president. The news is spread via the telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington.

J UNE

8The Senate votes 1635 against the Texas annexation treaty.
12In accepting the Democratic nomination, Polk announces he will not seek a second term.
15Charles Goodyear is granted a US patent for the vulcanization of rubber.
26John Tyler marries Julia Gardiner, becoming the first president to wed while in office.
27Joseph Smith is shot to death by a mob at the Carthage, Illinois, jail.

J ULY

1Clays first Alabama Letter is published.
67Riots rage in Philadelphias Southwark neighborhood between nativists and militia acting to protect local Irish Catholics.
27Clays second Alabama Letter is published.

A UGUST

6Frmont arrives back in St. Louis.
8Brigham Young is chosen to succeed Joseph Smith as leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
15Fifty thousand Democrats gather in Nashville for a pro-Polk rally.
20John Tyler withdraws from the presidential race.

S EPTEMBER

2Clay publishes a letter distancing himself from antislavery remarks by his distant relative, Cassius M. Clay.
4New York Democrats nominate Silas Wright for governor.
23Another letter from Clay tries and fails to reconcile the Texas positions from his previous letters.

O CTOBER

22The Great Disappointment leaves Millerites still waiting for Christs second coming.

N OVEMBER

412Polk is elected president.
15Stevens-Townsend-Murphy party reaches Donner Lake.

D ECEMBER

4House repeals the gag rule; presidential electors cast their votes in state capitals.
21Delia Webster is convicted of aiding the escape of a Kentucky slave family and sentenced to two years in prison.
P ROLOGUE
N EW Y EARS D AY AT THE W HITE H OUSE

C ontinuing a tradition older than the White House itself, a buoyant President John Tyler opened the executive mansion to the public to celebrate the first day of 1844. Three thousand people from all walks of Washington life showed up on the unseasonably warm day to shake his hand and have a peek inside.

What they saw might have been something of a disappointment. While the elevation of the land on which the White House sat provided a splendid view of the Potomac and the grounds are laid out very finely with shrubbery & forest trees & intersected with broad graveled walks, the interior was showing its age.

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