For Kevin, Ingrid, and Charlotte Dean. There are not enough ways in which I can say thank you.
First published in Great Britain in 2017 by
PEN & SWORD ARCHAEOLOGY
an imprint of
Pen & Sword Books Ltd,
47 Church Street,
Barnsley,
South Yorkshire.
S70 2AS
Copyright Rebecca Dean, 2017
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978 1 47382 355 6
eISBN 978 1 47386 205 0
Mobi ISBN 978 1 47386 204 3
The right of Rebecca Dean to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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List of Figures
Map Figure: Map of Ancient Egypt edited by R A Dean, after Jeff Dahl ( GNU Free Documentation License https://gnu.orf/licenses/ and Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ )
Figure 1.1 Typical smiting scene, Narmer Palette ( held in the Egyptian Museum Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 1.2 Typical smiting scene, Montu-hotep II ( from Gebelein, Deir el-Bahri, held in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.1 Ancient Egyptian axe-head types. Clockwise from the top: crescent axe ( Middle Kingdom ), Long simple axe ( Middle Kingdom ), Long concave axe ( Middle Kingdom ), Long narrow axe ( New Kingdom ), Long narrow axe ( New Kingdom ), Tanged axe ( Middle Kingdom ) ( varieties from the British Museum, London, and Metropolitan Museum, New York ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.2 Ancient Egyptian axe-head types. Clockwise from the top left: Semi-circular axe ( Old/Middle Kingdom ), Semi-circular axe ( Old/Middle Kingdom ), Long axe ( Middle Kingdom ), Tanged axe ( Middle Kingdom ), Halberd-style axe ( Middle/New Kingdom ); Long concave axe ( Middle/New Kingdom ) ( varieties from the British Museum, London, and Metropolitan Museum, New York ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.3 Ramesses II smiting scene with axe ( held in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.4 Soldiers using a bow and arrow ( from the funerary complex of Khafra at Giza, held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.5 The chariot in use ( limestone ostracon sketch, held in the Egpytian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.6 Conical Mace-head ( photo: R A Dean, produced here with the kind permission of Harrogate Museums and Arts )
Figure 2.7 Piriform mace-head ( photo: R A Dean, produced here with the kind permission of Harrogate Museums and Arts )
Figure 2.8 Chipped replica mace-head after experimental archaeology, chipping circled ( Dean 2009, from original photo courtesy of J Fletcher )
Figure 2.9 Harrogate mace-head showing chipping similar to that seen on replica mace-head ( photo: R A Dean, produced here with the kind permission of Harrogate Museum and Arts )
Figure 2.10 Montu-hotep II smiting scene ( from Gebelein, Deir el-Bahri, held in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.11 Sketch of Hatshepsut holding a mace ( from Karnak obelisk ). Drawing: R A Dean
Figure 2.12 Sword and dagger types. Clockwise from top left: Leaf-shaped blade sword ( Middle/New Kingdom ), Tapered sword and dagger ( Middle Kingdom ), Khopesh ( New Kingdom ), Leaf-shaped blade sword ( Middle Kingdom ), Tapered daggers ( Middle Kingdom ), Tapered daggers ( Middle Kingdom ), Iron tapered daggers ( New Kingdom ) ( varieties from the British Museum, London, and Metropolitan Museum, New York ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.13 Replica of larger of Tutankhamuns khopesh swords ( Photo: R A Dean )
Figure 2.14 Nefertiti khopesh smiting scene ( held in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 2.15 Close-up of spears held by Mehsetis model soldiers ( held in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.1 Replica shield displaying crossbar stitching ( Stonborough 2011, 108 )
Figure 3.2 Soldier carrying man-sized shield ( relief from the tomb of Djehutinakt II at el-Bersha, held in the British Museum, London ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.3 Model soldiers from the tomb of Mehseti ( held in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.4 Model soldiers from the tomb of Mehseti ( held in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.5 Close-up of crossbar stitching on Mehseti soldier. Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.6 Model shield displaying cow-hide pattern ( Held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.7 Helmets similar to coiled hairstyles, Medinet Habu. Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.8 Helmets and shields, Saqqara. Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 3.9 Sherden helmets, Abu Simbel. Drawing: R A Dean
Figure 3.10 Soldier with bands crossing his torso, holding some sort of breast plate ( relief from the tomb of Djehutinakt II at el-Bersha, held in the British Museum, London ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 4.1 The siege scene from the tomb of Anta at Deshasheh ( Petrie 1898, Pl IV )
Figure 4.2 The burial goods of Queen Ahhotep ( including axes, daggers, and the Golden Flies of Valour ) ( Maspero 1918 )
Figure 4.3 Replica of axe found in the burial of Queen Ahhotep. Photo: R A Dean.
Figure 4.4 Sketch of Hatshepsut holding a mace ( from Karnak obelisk ). Drawing: R A Dean
Figure 4.5 Nefertiti khopesh smiting scene ( held in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 4.6 Lime ostracon sketch portraying Tawosret ( held in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo ). Drawing: Matthew Leary
Figure 5.1 Harrogate Museum and Arts conical and piriform/globular mace-heads used for replicas ( Photos: R A Dean, produced here by the kind permission of Harrogate Museums and Arts )
Figure 5.2 Testing the maces out ( Dean 2009, from original photo courtesy of J Fletcher )
Figure 5.3 Conical mace-head damage ( Dean 2009, from original photo courtesy of J Fletcher )
Figure 5.4 X-Ray showing damage done by piriform/globular mace-head ( Dean 2009, from original X-Ray courtesy of S Buckley )
Figure 5.5 X-Ray showing damage done by conical mace-head ( Dean 2009, from original X-Ray courtesy of S Buckley )
