(cesarz Japonii - Hirohitos war : the Pacific War, 1941-1945

For my godchildren

Alexander Johnson

Frederick Barber

Juliet Colfer

Contents

[18681931]

[Maps: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11]

American Empire in the Ascendant [17891922] Development of Japan, Shintoism and the Imperial System [660 BC1868] The Meiji Restoration [1868], Growth and Expansion Korea, Formosa and the First Sino-Japanese War [18941895] The Russo-Japanese War [19041905] and Shock Waves in Asia and the World Anti-Asian Racism in the West World War I: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire [18481918] The Demise of the Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman Empires [1918] Anglo-Saxons Triumphant: The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles [1919] The League of Nations [1920] The Washington System [1922] Tariffs and Isolationism Japanese Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles and the Washington System The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the Rise of Chinese Nationalism [1911] Setting the Stage for a Renewed Conflict of Empires

[19301936]

[Maps: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4]

The London Naval Conference [1930] and the Death of Hamaguchi The Mukden Incident [1931] Depression, Autarky and the Economic Imperatives for Japanese Aggression Fascism, Pan-Asianism and the Japanese Intelligentsia Thought Control and Censorship 15 May Incident [1932] Japanese Political Parties: Minseito and Seiyukai Undermined [19321936] The 26 February Incident [1936] and the Purge of the Imperial Way Faction The Control Faction in the Ascendant [19361941] Agnes Smedley, Ozaki and the Sorge Spy Ring The Long March and the Xian Incident [December 1936] The Anti-Comintern Pact [November 1936] Preconditions for War

[19371941]

[Maps: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6]

Manchukuo, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the Start of the Second Sino-Japanese War [July 1937] The Battles of Taiyuan and Shanghai [1937] The Rape of Nanking [November 1937January 1938] Cordell Hull and the US State Departments Internecine Battles on Japan Policy Franklin D. Roosevelt: From Isolation to Intervention [1933September 1941] The Battles of Nomonhan (Kahlkhin Gol) [MaySeptember 1939] and the Soviet Threat to Japan Prince Konoe and Japanese Domestic and International Politics [1937July 1941] The Japanese Occupation of Vietnam and the Tripartite Alliance [September 1940] Operation BARBAROSSA, Strike South and the Countdown to War in the Pacific [September 1940December 1941] Hirohitos Role as Icon and Godhead in the Rise of Ultra-nationalism Hirohitos War Guilt Examined Japans Empire [1941] The Power of MAGIC Financial Freeze and Oil Embargo: Americas Precipitation of the War with Japan [July 1941]

[1931December 1941]

[Chart: 4.1] [Map: 4.2]

Lack of US Preparedness for War Americas Global Task of Production and Supply The New Deal and Technological Advance in Pre-War America The US Economy in the 1930s Americas Pre-War Mobilization Plans Americas VICTORY Plan The Development of Japans Economy in the 1930s Japans Economic Preparations for War Labor Mobilization in Japan The Structure of Japans Pre-War Economy Plan DOG [November 1940] Flying Tigers: Americas Plans for a Backdoor War against Japan in China War or Peace? The Final Negotiations [1940December 1941] The Rise of General Hideki Tojo [October 1941] Japans Decision for War and the Hull Note [5 November1 December 1941] Summary of Causes of the Pacific War

[7 December 1941 in Hawaii and Washington: 8 December 1941 in Tokyo]

[Drawing: 5.1] [Maps: 5.2, 5.3, 5.4]

The Conquest of Hawaii and Captain Mahan Range Extension and Armament Technology Developments in the Interwar Years Yamamotos Great Gamble Pearl Harbor Prepares for War Tora! Tora! Tora! Meanwhile in Washington Reaction in America and the World The US Navy: Recriminations and Blame Debunking the Conspiracy Theories Reflections on Yamamotos Failure at Pearl Harbor

[December 1941April 1942]

[Maps: 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5]

Plans ORANGE and RAINBOW-5 General MacArthur, Soldier and Propagandist MacArthur in Cloud Cuckoo Land Homma, the Poet General, Invades Luzon MacArthurs Lies and Obfuscation The Battle of the Bataan Peninsula MacArthurs Escape to Australia The Destruction of the US Army on Bataan The Fall of Corregidor The Bataan Death March MacArthur: Culpability, Honors and Money

[December 1941February 1942]

[Maps: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5]

General Yamashita and the Plan of Attack Complacency and Weakness of British Air Defenses Invasion of Thailand and Malaya Admiral Phillips and the Naval Reinforcement of the Far East Fleet The Naval Battle of Malaya: The Sinking of HMS Prince of Wales Preparations for the Defense of Malaya Yamashitas Bicycle Blitzkrieg The Battle of Slim River and the Fall of Kuala Lumpur The Battle of Muar Japanese Infantry: Supermen and Brutes The Race to the Straits of Johor and the Dwindling Hopes of Saving Singapore Explanations for British Defeat in Malaya

[January 1942February 1942]

[Map: 8.1]

The Strategic Logic of Singapore Plans for the Defense of Singapore Air Battles over Singapore The Attack on Singapore: Yamashitas Bluff Surrender and Humiliation Consequences of the Fall of Singapore The Fall of Singapore and Malaya in Retrospect

[January 1941May 1942]

[Maps: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5]

Why Burma? General Shojiro Iida Iidas Advance from Malaya and Thailand The Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Flying Tigers (American Volunteer Group: AVG) Blowing the Sittang Bridge Vinegar Joe Stilwell and the Chinese Army in Burma Escape from Rangoon The Battle of Magwe Allied Deployment in Central Burma Aung San and the Burmans The Battle of Toungoo The Battle of Yenangyaung Headlong Retreat by the Allied Armies in Burma Effect of Defeat on India Stilwells Long Walk and Chiangs Lost Armies General Alexander Loses an Army General Iidas Burma Triumph

[December 1941June 1942]

[Maps: 10.1, 10.3, 10.4] [Diagram 10.2]

Rajah Brookes Defense of Sarawak General Kawaguchi Borneo Invaded The Dutch East Indies Attacked American, British, Dutch, and Australian (ABDA) Command Japans Central Thrust and the Battle of Balikpapan Ambon (the Moluccas) and the Eastern Thrust Palembang (Sumatra) and the Western Thrust Bali Invaded and the Raid on Darwin The Battle of the Java Sea The Collapse of Dutch Resistance on Java The Brutal Rule of the Conquerors Japans Bitter Fruits of Victory in the Dutch East Indies

[February 1942May 1942]

[Maps: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7]

The ARCADIA Conference Size Matters: The Limits of Empire Victory Disease Japans Indian Ocean Raid and Divided Strategies The American Strategic Dilemma The Logistics of Supply to China Roosevelt Agrees an Airlift The Hump The LedoBurma Road: The Strategic Need for a Land Supply Route to China The Restructuring of US Naval Command Admiral Nimitz: The Cool Commander Admiral Bull Halsey: The Fighting Admiral Americas Fight Back Begins Public Relations and Roosevelts Plan to Bomb Japan Lieutenant-Colonel Jimmy Doolittle The Doolittle Raid Intended and Unintended Consequences of the Doolittle Raid

[April 1942May 1942]

[Maps: 12.1, 12.2]

The US Naval Intelligence Network Japanese Carriers to the South Pacific Preparation for Battle Japanese Invasion of Tulagi Island Maneuverings for a First Carrier to Carrier Battle The Battle of the Coral Sea: First Blood to Admiral Fletcher [7 May 1942] The Battle of the Coral Sea Continued: Shokaku Wounded, USS Lexingon Sunk [8 May] Licking their Wounds Bombers and Bombs The Battle of Words

[47 June 1942]

[Maps: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3]

Yamamotos Advance to Midway and the Aleutians Commander Layton, Captain Rochefort, and Naval Intelligence Nimitzs Plans and Preparations Japanese and US Aircraft Compared The Missing Carriers Admiral Spruance to the Fore Where were the Pickets? Where were the Spotter Planes? Planning and Operation Failures of the Japanese Navy First Contact over Midway Spruance Launches Carrier Attack US Torpedo Bombers into the Meatgrinder Lieutenant McCluskys Lucky Strike and Thirty Minutes that Changed the War The Hiryu versus USS Yorktown Aftermath and Reactions to Midway US and Japanese Aircraft Carriers: Performance and Design Explanations, Recriminations and Plaudits The Rewards of Victory