Peter Wetzler - Hirohito and war: imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan
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Hirohito and war: imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan
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The debate over Emperor Hirohitos accountability for government decisions and military operations up to the end of World War II began before the end of the war and has continued even after his death in 1989. Hirohito and War documents this controversy while providing insights into the Showa emperors role in military planning in imperial Japan. It argues that Hirohito both knew of and participated in such planning and offers evidence that he was informed well in advance of imperial army and navy decisions, including the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Using Japanese primary sources, many overlooked by Japanese and Western historians, it shows that Hirohitos participation in the decision-making process was entirely consistent with his intellectual background and his passionate belief in the significance of the imperial tradition for the Japanese polity (kokutai) in prewar Japan.
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Hirohito and War : Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan
author
:
Wetzler, Peter Michael.
publisher
:
University of Hawaii Press
isbn10 | asin
:
082481925X
print isbn13
:
9780824819255
ebook isbn13
:
9780585327594
language
:
English
subject
World War, 1939-1945--Japan, Hirohito,--Emperor of Japan,--1901- , Japan--Intellectual life--20th century, Japan--Politics and government--1926-1945, Military planning--Japan.
publication date
:
1998
lcc
:
D767.2.W67 1998eb
ddc
:
940.54/0952
subject
:
World War, 1939-1945--Japan, Hirohito,--Emperor of Japan,--1901- , Japan--Intellectual life--20th century, Japan--Politics and government--1926-1945, Military planning--Japan.
Page i
Hirohito and War
Page ii
Page iii
Hirohito and War
Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan
Peter Wetzler
Page iv
1998 University of Hawai'i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 98 99 00 01 02 03 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wetzler, Peter. Hirohito and war: imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan / Peter Wetzler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-1925-X (alk. paper) 1. World War, 19391945Japan. 2. Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 1901- . 3. JapanIntellectual life20th century. 4. Japan Politics and government19261945. 5. Military planningJapan. I. Title. D767.2.W67 1998 940.54'0952dc21 97-29981 CIP
University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources
Frontispiece: Title page of Joso* kankeisetsu sono ichi (Writings related to imperial audiences, no. 1) by Daihon'ei (Imperial Headquarters). Boeicho Boeikenkyujo* Toshokan (The National Institute of Defense Studies Library).
Designed by Omega Clay
Page v
To John and Dee, who were always there
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
1. Introduction
1
2. Imperial Navy Planning and the Emperor
12
3. Pearl Harbor and Decision Making
33
4. Tojo* and the Emperor: Mutual Political Convictions
61
5. Scientism, History, and Confucianism: An Emperor's Education
82
6. Ancient Institutions and Foreign Cultures: New Interpretations for Modern Times
114
7. Hirohito's First Adviser: Count Makino Nobuaki
139
8. Conclusion
179
Appendixes
203
Notes
223
Bibliography
269
Index
281
Page ix
Preface
At the end of 1926 the term "Showa*"enlightenment and peacewas chosen as the name of Emperor Hirohito's reign. The irony escapes few, Japanese and non-Japanese alike, as the first half of the era (19261989) was marked by disharmony and war. The dispute about the emperor's role in starting the war in the Pacific, moreover, cast a dark shadow over the period following the fall of Imperial Japan in August 1945 until Hirohito's death more than forty-three years later.
This study was begun in 1984, five years before the Showa emperor died, when I was asked my opinion of David Bergamini's book, Japan's Imperial Conspiracy. I realized then that although I had spent many years studying Japanese language and history, I knew little about one of Japan's most important institutionsthe imperial house. As a teacher of modern Japanese history, I noted that, with the exception of David A. Titus' fine study of Hirohito's wartime political adviser, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Kido Koichi*, there was at that time little solid information available on the role of the imperial house in prewar developments in Japan. Since then I have spent most of my free time investigating the subject. A number of books and articles on the Showa emperor have appeared while this work was being researched and written. They have contributed to my thinking, but the conclusions offered in the following pages are my own.
This study focuses on two topics: Emperor Hirohito's role in military decision making; and the intellectual background that formed the
Page x
foundation of the emperor's participation in these decisions. I chose the first topic because I saw an opportunity to contribute to an all-but-ignored area of studies about the emperor and the prewar years. The second was addressed because it seemed necessary to understand Hirohito's role in military planning. This topic too has been neglected, and preliminary research revealed that, contrary to expectations, the crown prince's education was totally consistent with his subsequent active participation in wartime decision making.
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