Contents
ALSO BY LARRIE D. FERREIRO
Ships and Science:
The Birth of Naval Architecture in the Scientific Revolution, 16001800
Measure of the Earth:
The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World
THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK
PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF
Copyright 2016 by Larrie D. Ferreiro
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto.
www.aaknopf.com
Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ferreiro, Larrie D., author.
Title: Brothers at arms : American independence and the men of France and Spain who saved it / by Larrie D. Ferreiro.
Description: New York : Knopf, 2016
Identifiers: LCCN 2016007136 (print) | LCCN 20160344751 (ebook) | ISBN 9781101875247 (hardback) | ISBN 9781101875254 (ebook)
Subjects: lcsh: United StatesForeign relations17751783. | United StatesHistoryRevolution, 17751783Participation, French. | United StatesHistoryRevolution, 17751783Participation, Spanish. | Great BritainForeign relations17601789. | FranceForeign relationsGreat Britain. | Great BritainForeign relationsFrance. | SpainForeign relationsGreat Britain. | Great BritainForeign relationsSpain. | BISAC: HISTORY / United States / Revolutionary Period (17751800). | HISTORY / Military / United States. | HISTORY / Europe / General.
Classification: LCC E 249 . F 47 2016 (print) | LCC E 249 (ebook) | DDC 327.73009/033dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016007136
Ebook ISBN9781101875254
Cover image: The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, October 19, 1781 (detail), by John Trumbull. Yale University Art Gallery
Cover design by Oliver Munday
Maps by Mapping Specialists
v4.1
a
To my family, Mirna, Gabriel, and Marcel:
an American family, which, like the American nation,
owes its existence to France and Spain
Contents
INTRODUCTION
Not Just the Declaration of Independence, but Also a Declaration That We Depend on France (and Spain, Too)
CHAPTER 1
The Road to War
CHAPTER 2
The Merchants
CHAPTER 3
The Ministers
CHAPTER 4
The Soldiers
CHAPTER 5
The Sailors
CHAPTER 6
The Pieces Converge
CHAPTER 7
The Endgame
CHAPTER 8
The Road to Peace
CHAPTER 9
The Legacy
Illustrations
Johann, Baron de Kalb (17211780). Charles Willson Peale, from life, oil on canvas. Courtesy of National Park Service, Independence National Historic Park.
Diego Mara de Gardoqui y Arriquibar (17351798). Miniature. Family of Cano de Gardoqui Garca, Valladolid, Spain.
Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (17321799). After Jean-Marc Nattier, 1773, oil on canvas. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library.
Jos Moino y Redondo, Conde de Floridablanca (17281808). Francisco de Goya, eighteenth century, oil on canvas. (Art Resource, NY)
Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes (17171787). Vangelisti Vincenzio, after Antoine-Franois Callet, engraving [s.n., between 1774 and 1789]. Reproduced by permission of The Society of the Cincinnati, Washington, DC.
Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (17571834). Charles Willson Peale, after Charles Willson Peale, 17791780, oil on canvas. Courtesy of National Park Service, Independence National Historic Park.
Bernardo de Glvez (17461786). Attributed to Mariano Salvador Maella, 1784, oil on canvas. Property of the family of De Haya-Glvez, courtesy of the Asociacin Bernardo de Glvez, Mlaga, Spain.
Louis Lebgue de Presle Duportail (17431802). Charles Willson Peale, probably from life, 17811784, oil on canvas. Courtesy of National Park Service, Independence National Historic Park.
Frederick William Augustus, Baron von Steuben (17301794). Charles Willson Peale, after Charles Willson Peale, 17811782, oil on canvas. Courtesy of National Park Service, Independence National Historic Park.
Charles-Henri, Comte dEstaing (17291794). Charles tienne Gaucher, after Franois Sablet, engraving. Bibliothque nationale de France, dpartement estampes et photographie.
Luis de Crdova y Crdova (17061796). Anonymous, eighteenth century, oil on canvas. Museo Naval Madrid.
Jos Solano y Bote, Marqus del Socorro (17261806). Anonymous, eighteenth century, oil on canvas. Museo Naval Madrid.
Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau (17251807). Joseph-Dsir Court, eighteenth century, oil on canvas. (National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution /Art Resource, NY)
Franois Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse (17221788). Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse, 1842, oil on canvas. (RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY)
The Capture of Pensacola: Explosion of Queens Redoubt Magazine, May 8, 1781. Nicolas Ponce, after Berteaux Lausan [1784?], engraving. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division.
Battle of the Virginia Capes [Battle of the Chesapeake], September 5, 1781. V. Zveg (Vladimir Zvegintzov), 1969, oil on canvas. Navy Art Collection, Naval History and Heritage Command.
Siege of Yorktown, September 28October 19, 1781. Jean-Mathias Fontaine, after Auguste Couder, engraving. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library.
Siege of the Mountain Fortress of Gibraltar, September 13, 1782. Johann Martin Will, c. 1782, engraving. The Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library.
General Lafayette at the Anniversary of the Battle of York Town, October 19, 1824. William Russell Birch after Ary Scheffer, c. 18241834, enamel on copper. Reproduced by permission of The Society of the Cincinnati, Washington, DC.