Violet Moller - The Map of Knowledge: How Classical Ideas Were Lost and Found: A History in Seven Cities

To L, E and S, my three little stars

. Raphaels School of Athens (Vatican Museums / Alamy)

. The Doric columns of the Greek temple of Athena, incorporated into the walls of Syracuse Cathedral (Wikimedia Commons)

. A thirteenth-century Arabic depiction of Aristotle teaching a pupil (Or. 2784, ff.101-101v., British Library, London, UK British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images)

. The oldest surviving fragment of Euclids Elements (Wikimedia Commons)

. Pages from the copy of The Elements discovered by Peyrard (Vat.gr.190.pt.1 fols. 13v14r Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced by permission, with all rights reserved)

. Pages from a Greek copy of Ptolemys Almagest (Vat.gr.1594, fols. 79v80r Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced by permission, with all rights reserved)

. A rose from Dioscorides De materia medica (Science & Society Picture Library / Getty Images)

. A detailed depiction of an Arabic library from al-Hariris the Maqamat (AKG Images)

. Another image from the Maqamat showing a doctor treating a patient (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo)

. A sixteenth-century image of astronomers in the Galata Observatory, Istanbul (World History Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)

. A gold Abbasid dinar, struck during the reign of Caliph al-Mamun (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)

. The interior of the Mezquita in Cordoba (imageBROKER / Alamy Stock Photo)

. A fourteenth-century copy of The Almagest in Arabic (The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Pococke 369, fol.085v)

. An intricately carved sword belonging to Boabdil, Muhammad XII of Granada (AKG Images / Gilles Mermet)

. A saphaea astrolabe, based on the design by al-Zarqali ( Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford)

. A thirteenth-century copy of Gerard of Cremonas translation of The Almagest (Vat.lat.2057 fols.146v147r Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced by permission, with all rights reserved )

. A fourteenth-century Latin copy of The Almagest (Science History Images / Alamy Stock Photos)

. Lavishly painted pages from Roger of Salernos twelfth-century Chirurgia (Sloane MS 1977 fol.6r / British Library, London, UK / British Library Board / Bridgeman Images)

. A page of a manuscript of the Pantegni, thought to be the oldest medical book in Western Europe (National Library of the Netherlands)

. Constantine the African lecturing his students (The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, C 328 fol. 3)

. Frederick II pictured with one of his beloved birds of prey (MS Pal.lat 1071 fols. 1v Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced by permission, with all rights reserved)

)

. A mosaic in the Norman Palace in Palermo (Palazzo dei Normanni, Palermo, Sicily, Italy / Ghigo Roli / Bridgeman Images)

. Mosaic in the Martorana Church, Palermo (Granger Historical Picture Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)

. Roger IIs lavishly embellished vermilion silk mantle (DEA Picture Library / Getty Images)

. A map of Sicily from al-Idrisis Book of Roger (The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Pococke 375, fol. 187b-188a)

. Miniature of Adelard of Bath teaching two students (Leiden University Libraries, ms. SCA 1, f. 1r.)

. A Christian and a Muslim playing chess (Alamy Stock Photos)

. Diagram showing phases of the moon, printed by Ratdolt (Historic Images / Alamy Stock Photos)

. Portrait of Luca Pacioli demonstrating one of Euclids theorems (Science History Images / Alamy Stock Photos)

. Opening page of one of Ratdolts presentation copies of Euclids Elements (British Library, London, UK British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images)

. Woodcut of an armillary sphere from a 1543 edition of Regiomontanus Epitome of the Almagest (Granger Collection / Bridgeman Images)

. A portrait of Poggio Bracciolini (MS Urb. Lat. 224, fol. 2 recto Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced by permission, with all rights reserved)

. The manuscript of The Almagest in Greek brought to Sicily by Henricus Aristippus, and then acquired by Cardinal Bessarion (Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, ms Marc. gr. 313 / SHYLOCK e-Solutions di Alessandro Moro)

. Pages from the Latin translation of The Almagest later owned by Coluccio Salutati (Vat. lat. 2056, fols. 87 verso88 recto Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced with permission and with all rights reserved)

. Galen in an apothecarys shop (Wellcome Collection)

. The reconstructed facade of the Library of Celsus in the ruined city of Ephesus (Sorin Colac / Alamy Stock Photo)

. Map of ancient Alexandria (THEPALMER)

. Pages from the manuscript of Euclids Elements (The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. DOrville 301 f113v-f114r)

. A reconstruction of the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon (Ullstein Bild / Contributor)

. Anatomical votives found at the Temple of Asclepius in Athens (A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome by Georgia L. Irby 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reproduced with permission of the Licensor through PLSclear)

. A reconstructed map of early Baghdad (Reprinted from Map III from Appendix D, Figures 1, 2, 5 and 6 from Appendix E from The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages by Jacob Lassner. Copyright 1970 Wayne State University Press, with the permission of Wayne State University Press)

. Modern reconstructions of the gates of Baghdad (Ibid.)

. Map of the Round City (Ibid.)

. The development and geographical movement of the Hindu-Arabic numerals (Encyclopedia Britannica / Contributor)

. The Banu Musas diagram of their self-trimming lamp (Granger Historical Picture Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)

. An early-eighteenth-century view of Crdoba (Tarker / Bridgeman Images)

. Reconstructed Arabic water wheel in Crdoba (Alain Machet (2) / Alamy Stock Photo)

. The Roman bridge over the River Guadalquivir with Crdoba on the left bank (By courtesy of the author)

. Modern reconstructions of some of al-Zahrawis intricate surgical instruments (Ibid.)

. An astrolabe made in Toledo (Granger Historical Picture Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)

. A fifteenth-century engraving of Toledo (PRISMA ARCHIVO / Alamy Stock Photo)

. Diagram from a manuscript of Gerard of Cremonas translation of al-Zarqalis Canones (Wellcome Collection)

. A nineteenth-century view of Salerno (De Agostini / Galleria Garisenda / Bridgeman Images)

)

. A page from the Circa instans (Wellcome Collection)

. A Portuguese map of Palermo harbour (The Protected Art Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)

. The Norman Palace in Palermo (Michael Wald / Alamy Stock Photo)

. Illustration of mosaics in the Martorana Church and Palatine Chapel (Florilegius / Alamy Stock Photo)

. A map of Venice in the twelfth century (Granger Historical Picture Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)

. An early printing press (Artokoloro Quint Lox Limited / Alamy Stock Photo)

. A fifteenth-century map of Venice (Age Fotostock / Alamy Stock Photo)

. First page of Ratdolts 1582 printed edition of