Colophon
ISBN: 978 90 8954 621 0
First printing 2014
2014 Henriette Broekema
Original title:
Inanna, heerseres van hemel en aarde. Geschiedenis van een Sumerische godin, 2013
Edited by Uitgeverij Elikser, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; www.elikser.nl
Copyright English translation 2014 by Henriette Broekema;
www.henriettebroekema.nl
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www.elikser.nl or can be ordered directly from:
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Copy editor: Selese Roche
Cover design and book layout: Evelien Veenstra
Cover:
Goddess Inanna, provided with weapons and with one foot on the back of a lion.
Cylinder seal..Provenance unknown. (Courtesy: Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago)
Cupper head, supposedly of king Sargon or Naram-Sn, found in the Itar-temple of Niniveh, ca. 2400 v.C. (Courtesy: Deutsches Archologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Berlin).
Restaurated disc of limestone of the high priestess Enheduanna of the city of Ur. Diameter: 26 cm. (Courtesy: Penn Museum, Pennsylvania, United States)
Terracotta relief from the city of Larsa ( , fig 527, Louvre AO 16681)
Terracotta relief, provenance unknown, ( , fig. 744, Louvre AO 8662
The author has done her best to trace rightful claimants to illustrations in this book. In case this has met with no or incomplete success, or of an inaccurate attribution, please contact the publisher.
This book may not be reproduced by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the author and the publisher.
Inanna, Lady of Heaven and Earth
History of a Sumerian Goddess
Henriette Broekema
Inanna, Lady of Heaven and Earth
History of a Sumerian Goddess
My lady, on your acquiring the stature of heaven,
Maiden Inanna on your becoming as magnificent as the earth,
on your coming forth like Utu the king and stretching your arms wide,
on your walking in heaven and wearing fearsome terror,
on your wearing daylight and brilliance on earth,
on your walking in the mountain ranges and bringing forth beaming rays,
on your bathing the girinna plants of the mountains (in light),
on your giving birth to the bright mountain,
the mountain, the holy place,
on your [] on your being strong with the mace like a joyful lord,
like an enthusiastic lord, on your exulting in such battle like a destructive weapon,
the black headed people ring out in song and all the lands join in with their quiet ilulama.
(Inanna and the mount Ebih)
Plan of Mesopotamia . (After Sasson 1996, p. 839)
Preface
Written language was first used five thousand years ago in Mesopotamia by a people who occupied the territory between the Euphrates and Tigris, in an area in present day Iraq. In the earliest written records Inanna enjoys already a prominent position. She was both Morning star Inanna and Evening star Inanna, names used to indicate the planet Venus which appears as the morning star in the east and the evening star in the west. For more than three thousand years Inanna was a top ranking goddess in the pantheon of the Ancient Near East, and later goddesses such as the Greek Aphrodite and the Roman Venus are distant heiresses of this powerful goddess of the Bronze Age.
Inanna played a prominent part in the myths the Sumerians recorded in writing about their gods during the third millennium BC, moreover she is one of the very few deities we can recognize with certainty in the pictures drawn on cylinder seals and reliefs. Inanna represented various principles in the cosmos and while initially she was a powerful love goddess, responsible for the fecundity of the cattle and the crops on the fields, in the third millennium she emerged as a war goddess whose help was sought by kings on the battlefield.