The American Crisis Series
Books on the Civil War Era
Steven E. Woodworth, Associate Professor of History,
Texas Christian University
SERIES EDITOR
The Civil War was the crisis of the Republics first century the test, in Abraham Lincolns words, of whether any free government could long endure. It touched with fire the hearts of a generation, and its story has fired the imaginations of every generation since. This series offers to students of the Civil War, either those continuing or those just beginning their exciting journey into the past, concise overviews of important persons, events, and themes in that remarkable period of Americas history.
Volumes Published
James L. Abrahamson. The Men of Secession and Civil War, 18591861 (2000). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2818-8 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2819-6
Robert G. Tanner. Retreat to Victory? Confederate Strategy Reconsidered (2001). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2881-1 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2882-X
Stephen Davis. Atlanta Will Fall: Sherman, Joe Johnston , and the Yankee Heavy Battalions (2001). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2787-4 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2788-2
Paul Ashdown and Edward Caudill. The Mosby Myth: A Confederate Hero in Life and Legend (2002). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2928-1 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2929-X
Spencer C. Tucker. A Short History of the Civil War at Sea (2002). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2867-6 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2868-4
Richard Bruce Winders. Crisis in the Southwest: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas (2002). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2800-5 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2801-3
Ethan S. Rafuse. A Single Grand Victory: The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas (2002). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2875-7 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2876-5
John G. Selby. Virginians at War: The Civil War Experiences of Seven Young Confederates (2002). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-5054-X Paper ISBN 0-8420-5055-8
Edward K. Spann. Gotham at War: New York City, 18601865 (2002). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-5056-6 Paper ISBN 0-8420-5057-4
Anne J. Bailey. War and Ruin: William T. Sherman and the Savannah Campaign (2002). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2850-1 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2851-X
Gary Dillard joiner. One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End: The Red River Campaign of 1864 (2003). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2936-2 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2937-0
Steven E. Woodworth. Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign (2003). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2932-X Paper ISBN 0-8420-2933-8
John C. Waugh. On the Brink of Civil War: The Compromise of 1850 and How It Changed the Course of American History (2003). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2944-3 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2945-1
Eric H. Waltlier. The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s (2004). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2798-X Paper ISBN 0-8420-2799-8
Mark Thornton and Robert B. Ekelund Jr. Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War (2004). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-2960-5 Paper ISBN 0-8420-2961-3
Paul Ashdown and Edward Caudill. The Myth of Nathan Bedford Forrest (2004). Cloth ISBN 0-8420-5066-3 Paper ISBN 0-8420-5067-1
Published by SR Books
An imprint of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200
Lanham, MD 20706
PO Box 317
Oxford
OX2 9RU, UK
Copyright 2004 by Scholarly Resources, Inc.
First SR Book edition 2004
Cover
Top ( left to right ) : Abraham Lincoln by Samuel Montague Fassett, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; John Brown by James Wallace Black, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Union Is Strength, Library of Congress; Frederick Douglass, unidentified artist, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.
Bottom ( left to right ) : Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe, unidentified artist, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Auction Sale, Library of Congress; Jefferson Davis, U.S. Senate Historical Office; William Lloyd Garrison, Wichita State University.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Walther, Eric H., 1960
The shattering of the Union : America in the 1850s / Eric H. Walther.
p. cm.(The American crisis series ; no. 14)
9781461666202
1. United StatesHistory18491877. 2. United StatesPolitics and government18491861. I. Title. II. Series.
E415.7.W35 2003
973.711dc21
2003009146
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for permanence of paper for printed library materials, Z39.48, 1984.
For Travis Dennington
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Eric H. Walther, an associate professor of history at the University of Houston, received a B.A. in history and American studies from California State University, Fullerton, and a Ph.D. from Louisiana State University. Walther served as an editorial assistant for The Papers of Jefferson Davis , is the author of The Fire-Eaters (1992), and is director of the Texas Slavery Project. He is currently completing a comprehensive biography of secessionist William Lowndes Yancey.
It was said more than eighteen hundred years ago that a house divided against itself cannot stand, and the truth of the saying is written on every page of history, antecedent and subsequent. It is not unlikely that the history of our own country may furnish fresh and pregnant examples, by which philosophy may teach the same truth to future ages.
Edmund Quincy, abolitionist, March 25, 1852
Quoted from Allen Nevins, The Ordeal of the Union:
A House Dividing, 1852 1857
When one section wars upon another, the contest must, ex necessitate rei, be a sectional contest. Nothing can be truernot even that other great truth, that a house divided against itself cannot stand.
William Lowndes Yancey, secessionist, June 21, 1855
Montgomery (Alabama) Advertiser and State Gazette
A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved I do not expect the house to fall but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.
Abraham Lincoln, June 16, 1858
Roy P. Basler et al., eds., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
PREFACE
IN 1997 MY FRIEND and colleague Steven Woodworth approached me at the Southern Historical Association meeting in Atlanta with a tantalizing and somewhat ominous proposal. He referred to David M. Potters renowned, brilliantly written monograph, The Impending Crisis, 1848 1861, published in 1976 (completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher). We agreed that Potters remains the best single-volume coverage for the political chain of events that led to the American Civil War, but we also agreed that its sheer size638 pagesrenders it impractical for use in most college and university courses, especially introductory-level ones. Plus, an explosion of scholarship in this field over the quarter-century since the first printing of Potters book called for a synthesis of these works, an opportunity to reevaluate some conventional wisdom and to bring more up-to-date information to a new generation of readers, within academia and beyond it. We further agreed that Bruce Levines Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of the Civil War (1992) came the closest to what Professor Woodworth desired, but that this fine book covered a much broader chronological period than Potters and, at nearly 300 pages, still did not fill the niche that he was after. So he asked me if I wanted to try my hand at some sort of revised version of Potter, synthesizing in all the current literature that I could, doing so in no more than about 45,000 to 55,000 wordsroughly 200 pages in print. Excited by the challenge, confident that I knew my own research and teaching fields well enough, and lacking common sense, I enthusiastically accepted his offer to make this contribution to his American Crisis Series: Books on the Civil War Era.