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Sinha - The counterrevolution of slavery: politics and ideology in antebellum South Carolina

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In this comprehensive analysis of politics and ideology in antebellum South Carolina, Manisha Sinha offers a provocative new look at the roots of southern separatism and the causes of the Civil War. Challenging works that portray secession as a fight for white liberty, she argues instead that it was a conservative, antidemocratic movement to protect and perpetuate racial slavery.
Sinha discusses some of the major sectional crises of the antebellum eraincluding nullification, the conflict over the expansion of slavery into western territories, and secessionand offers an important reevaluation of the movement to reopen the African slave trade in the 1850s. In the process she reveals the central role played by South Carolina planter politicians in developing proslavery ideology and the use of states rights and constitutional theory for the defense of slavery.
Sinhas work underscores the necessity of integrating the history of slavery with the traditional...

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THE COUNTERREVOLUTION OF SLAVERY

Copy of the secession banner that hung at the South Carolina secession - photo 1

Copy of the secession banner that hung at the South Carolina secession convention. (Reprinted from John Amasa May and Joan Reynolds, South Carolina Secedes [Columbia, S.C., 1960], 80)

2000 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved

Designed by April Leidig-Higgins
Set in New Baskerville by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.
Manufactured in the United States of America

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

Parts of Chapters 5 and 6 have appeared earlier in Judicial Nullification: The South Carolinian Movement to Reopen the African Slave Trade in the 1850s, in Maria Diedrich, Henry Louis Gates Jr., and Carl Pederson, eds., Black Imagination and the Middle Passage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 12743.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sinha, Manisha.
The counterrevolution of slavery: politics and ideology in
antebellum South Carolina / Manisha Sinha.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-8078-2571-9 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN 0-8078-4884-0 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. South CarolinaPolitics and government17751865.
2. SlaveryPolitical aspectsSouth CarolinaHistory
19th century. 3. SlaveholdersSouth CarolinaPolitical
activity. 4. SecessionSouth Carolina. 5. Political culture
South CarolinaHistory19th century. I. Title.
F273.s64 2000
975.703dc21
00-032590

04 03 02 01 00 5 4 3 2 1

FOR MY PARENTS,

Srinivas Kumar Sinha and Premini Sinha

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
The Problem of South Carolina Revisited

ONE
The Genesis of the Political Ideology of Slavery

TWO
Nullification

THREE
The Discourse of Southern Nationalism

FOUR
South Carolina and the First Secession Crisis

FIVE
The Carolinian Movement to Reopen the African Slave Trade

SIX
Judicial Nullification

SEVEN
The Coming of Secession

EIGHT
Secession

EPILOGUE
The Counterrevolution of Slavery

MAPS AND TABLES
MAPS

1. South Carolina Districts and Parishes in 1860

2. South Carolina Black Belt, 1830

3. South Carolina Black Belt, 1850

TABLES

1. South Carolina Population, 18201860

2. Election for the State Legislature, 1832

3. Election for the Southern Congress, 1851

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

As anyone who has written a book knows, the people who help alleviate a lonely and usually arduous task deserve special gratitude. I would like to thank the librarians and staff of Columbia University, the University of South Carolina, the South Carolina Department of Archives and History, the South Carolina Historical Society, the Charleston Library Society, Duke University, the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, the Library of Congress, the American Antiquarian Society, the College of the Holy Cross, Harvard University, and the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, for their invaluable help and assistance. I would like to thank Dr. Allen Stokes and his staff at the South Caroliniana Library for putting up with the Indian woman who virtually set up camp in their premises. I must single out Mrs. Thelma Hayes for her cheerfulness and patience. Bob Henry from the computer laboratory at Holy Cross deserves special thanks for helping me to design the maps.

The Institute of Southern Studies, University of South Carolina, provided me with much needed institutional support and with luxurious accommodations at Gibbes Court while I was doing research. For that I would like to thank its erstwhile director, Dr. Walter Edgar, and secretary, Ms. Tibby Dozier. I would also like to thank Mark Malvasi and Professor Clyde Wilson for allowing me to go through the unpublished Calhoun papers. It gives me great pleasure to thank Omi and Binu Hasija of Charleston and Indu and Nikki Singh of Fairfax, Virginia, for keeping up the traditions of Indian hospitality in their adopted country. And I would like to thank my aunt and her husband, Abha and Amit Sawhney, for always welcoming me into their home in New York City.

Several sources of financial support helped me to research and write the book and the dissertation on which it is based. A year-long writing grant from the Mrs. Giles Whiting Foundation for the Humanities, administered by Columbia University, helped me to write the dissertation. A fellowship from the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research at Harvard University, a Rockefeller Post-Doctoral Fellowship in the Humanities from the Institute for the Arts and Humanities at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a research fellowship from the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia helped me to convert an unwieldy dissertation into a book manuscript. I would particularly like to express my gratitude to Henry Louis Gates Jr. of Harvard University and James Peacock of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for their support and generosity. I would also like to thank my research assistants at the Du Bois Institute, Greg Supriano and Susan Wyly.

Several people have commented on this manuscript and its earlier incarnations. I would like to thank Elizabeth Blackmar and the history dissertation seminar at Columbia University for going through a rather large draft of my first two chapters. Patrick Williams and Nancy Cohen provided especially useful comments. Drew Faust, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, and Eric Walther raised good questions on the introduction and certain sections of the book. Bertram Wyatt-Brown wrote a lengthy criticism of the manuscript for which I am grateful. Michael P. Johnson and Peter Coclanis commented perceptively on the manuscript for the University of North Carolina Press and forced me to clarify my arguments and learn the virtues of brevity. It has been a pleasure to work with Lewis Bateman at the University of North Carolina Press. His vast experience with the publishing business and adept handling of the manuscript have made this a considerably better book.

I owe my greatest intellectual debt to two of my former teachers at Columbia. A very special acknowledgment goes out to Barbara Fields James, whose understanding of southern history I can only hope to acquire some day. Barbara has been a great source of intellectual inspiration and friendship from the start. Her wonderfully crafted criticism of the dissertation was my template for working on the book manuscript. Above all, I would like to thank my adviser and mentor, Eric Foner. It has been my enormous privilege to study with a historian whose works I so admire and respect. Eric read through countless versions of the manuscript, provided detailed and brilliant criticisms, and has supported this project from start to finish. I am sure he will be amused to learn that he is the embodiment of the original Indian concept of a guru: a scholar, a teacher, and a humanist par excellence.

I would like to thank my colleagues at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, for their support: John Bracey, Esther Terry, Ernie Allen, Robert Wolff, Femi Richards, Mike Thelwell, Bill Strickland, and Steve Tracy of Afro-American studies and Bruce Laurie, Kathy Peiss, John Higginson, Joye Bowman, and Leo Richards of the history department. Members of the Five College Social History Seminar, especially David Blight of Amherst College, provided thoughtful comments and encouragement. Several current and former graduate students have helped me to write a better book, especially those who read and commented on the manuscript in my Politics of Slavery seminar. They are: Shawn Alexander, Patrick Crim, Germaine Etienne, Julie Gallagher, Richard Gassan, Peter Lau, Chris Lehman, Dinah Mayo, Tanya Mears, Ken Miller, Carolyn Powell, Andrew Rosa, James Ross, and R. Paul Spring.

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