Osborne - In the shadow of the pole: an early history of Arctic expeditions, 1871-1912
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Copyright S.L. Osborne, 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise (except for brief passages for purposes of review) without the prior permission of Dundurn Press. Permission to photocopy should be requested from Access Copyright.
Project editors: Cheryl Hawley and Allison Hirst
Editor: Jenny Govier
Design: Jesse Hooper
Epub Design: Carmen
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Osborne, S. L., author
In the shadow of the pole : an early history of Arctic expeditions, 1871-1912 / S.L. Osborne.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-4597-1785-5 (pbk.).--ISBN 978-1-4597-1786-2 (pdf).--ISBN 978-1-4597-1787-9 (epub)
1. Arctic regions--Discovery and exploration--Canadian--History--19th century. 2. Arctic regions--Discovery and exploration--Canadian--History--20th century. 3. Explorers--Canada--History--19th century. 4. Explorers--Canada--History--20th century. I. Title.
G630.C3O82 2013 910.091632 C2013-906066-9
C2013-906067-7
We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund and Livres Canada Books, and the Government of Ontario through the Ontario Book Publishing Tax Credit and the Ontario Media Development Corporation.
Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in this book. The author and the publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any references or credits in subsequent editions.
J. Kirk Howard, President
The publisher is not responsible for websites or their content unless they are owned by the publisher.
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To my anchors,
Cathy and Janet
These islands and these forbidding seas which surround them have a history. Suffice it to say that deeds have been done here as great in valour as any that led to the conquest of Mexico, the acquisition of Peru, or the opening up of the better known portions of Canada; but, unlike the captains and conquerors to the south, these explorers have come and gone, leaving behind them little trace of their passage. They pillaged no cities, they robbed no temples, and the only treasure that they brought back was an incomparable record of human courage and endurance.
George P. Mackenzie, Commander
Eastern Arctic Patrols 192529
Address to the Canadian Club
Ottawa, November 27, 1926
The First American North Pole Expedition
The Rescue Mission
The Transfer
A British Polar Expedition
An American Business Venture
The Second American North Pole Expedition
The Adjacent Territories Order
The First International Polar Year
An Arctic Shipping Route
The Hudson Bay and Strait Expedition of 1884
North to Hudson Strait
To Hudson Bay and Back
Gordons 1884 Hudson Bay and Strait Expedition Report
Bells Report of the Expedition
The Hudson Bay Expedition of 1885
The 1885 Expedition Report
The Hudson Bay Expedition of 1886
The 1886 Expedition Report and Response to It
Nansens Polar Drift
Yukon and the Western Arctic
Another Expedition to Hudson Bay and Strait
Wakehams 1897 Expedition
Wakehams Report
A Canadian Bid for the Pole
Foreigners in the Arctic
The Boundary Dispute and Other Pressing Matters
Herschel Island
Northern NWMP Posts
An Eastern Arctic Expedition
Lows Expedition, 1903
A Safe Harbour and a Perilous Rescue
Fullerton Harbour, 1903
Asserting Canadas Authority
Fullerton Harbour, 1904
Surveying and Whaling
A Ship for Bernier
Alaska Boundary Resolution
Preparing for a Northern Expedition
A Commander for the Expedition
The Neptune s Cruise into Arctic Waters
Through the Strait and Back
The Dominion Government Steamer Arctic
Meeting of Ships
Fullerton Harbour
Overwintering at Fullerton
Spring and Summer 1905
Back to Fullerton
A Question of Supply
The 1906 Arctic Expedition
Annexing the Islands
A Winter at Pond Inlet
Continuing to Annex the Islands
Cruise of the Arctic , 190809
Into Canadian Arctic Waters
A Sweeping Proclamation
An Arctic Patrol
Journeys End
To the Northwest Passage, 1910
Retreat
Wintering in Arctic Bay
The Arctic s Return
The Hudson Bay Surveys
The Hudson Bay Railway
The Expedition Men
Geological Map of the Northern Part of the Dominion of Canada, East of the Rocky Mountains, Compiled by George M. Dawson, 1886.
This map shows the limited knowledge of the Arctic islands in the mid-1880s, with the majority of the archipelago not being accurately mapped. In particular, large blank areas exist where Ellesmere and other northern islands, such as Axel Heiberg, had not yet been explored.
National Resources Canada 2013, courtesy of the Geological Survey of Canada, 255
Hudson Bay and Strait Showing the Path Followed and the Ice Encountered by the HSS Minto During Her Trip to Port Nelson, 1911.
This map of Hudson Bay and Strait details the locations named by commanders Gordon, Wakeham, Low, and Moodie. Many of these places have since been renamed to reflect the cultures of the people who live there.
Library and Archives Canada, e010865631
Discoveries in the Arctic Sea with Additions and Changes to 1909 by Capt. J. Bernier, Arctic Expedition.
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