Rashid - Descent into chaos: the US and the failure of nation building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia

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Table of Contents

ALSO BY AHMED RASHID

THE RESURGENCE OF CENTRAL ASIA
Islam or Nationalism?

TALIBAN
Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia

JIHAD
The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia

This book is dedicated to my children

Rafael and Saara

and to their friends Mohammed, Ameera, Emile, Sasha, Mehvish, Graham,
Naveen, Arooj, Taimur, Mamdot, Rachel, Lucy, Shabaz, Charley, Zoha,
Sarah, Amar, Jamal, Dona, and many more.

May you build nations.

And in loving memory of Begum Qamar F. R. Khan.

If the Central Asian Society exists and is meeting in fifty or a hundred years hence, Afghanistan will be as vital and important a question as it is now.

Lord Curzon, speaking at the annual dinner of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1908

Go massivesweep it all up, things related and not.

U.S. secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld, speaking to his aides on September 11, 2001, after the Pentagon was attacked

GLOSSARY

Abdali, Ahmad ShahKing and founder of modern Afghanistan in 1747.

Abu GhraibPrison in Iraq where U.S. soldiers carried out torture and abuses.

Afghan Militia Force (AMF)Tribal mercenaries hired by the CIA and U.S. forces to help guard the border with Pakistan.

Ahmad, MehmoodGeneral and director-general of ISI from 1999 until October 2001.

Akayev, AskarPresident of Kyrgyzstan, 1991-2006.

Albright, MadeleineU.S. secretary of state, 1997-2001.

Al QaedaIslamic terrorist group led by Osama bin Laden.

Amin, HafizullahSecond president of Afghanistan from the Khalq Party, killed by Soviet invaders in December 1979.

AndijanTown in the Ferghana Valley, in Uzbekistan, where 800 to 1,200 people were killed in May 2005.

Awami National PartyModerate and secular Pashtun nationalist party in the North-West Frontier Province, which did well in the 2008 elections.

Azhar, Maulana MasudLeader of Jaish-e-Mohammed, a Pakistani extremist group allied to al Qaeda and backed by the ISI; set up in 2000.

Babar, NaseerullahLieutenant-general and Pakistans interior minister who helped launch the Taliban in 1994.

BagramLarge U.S. military base outside Kabul where Afghan prisoners are also held.

Bakiyev, KurmanbekPresident of Kyrgyzstan, 2006- .

BalochistanProvince of Pakistan.

Barno, DavidLieutenant-general, commander of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, 2003-2005.

Berdymukhamedow, GurbangulyPresident of Turkmenistan, 2006- .

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)Major political party in India.

Bhutto, BenazirLeader of Pakistan Peoples Party and twice prime minister of Pakistan; assassinated in December 2007.

Bin al-Shibh, RamziPlanner of 9/11 and a leader of the Hamburg cell; captured in Karachi in 2002.

Bin Laden, OsamaLeader of al Qaeda.

Blair, TonyBritish prime minister, 1997-2007.

Brigade 555Brigade of Arabs and North Africans, led and funded by al Qaeda; used by bin Laden to strengthen Taliban front lines against Ahmad Shah Masud during the Afghanistan civil war.

Chemonics InternationalU.S. consulting firm based in Washington; contracted by USAID to help in counter-narcotics programs.

Dadullah, MullahTaliban commander and, after 2003, in charge of Taliban operations in southern Afghanistan until he was killed in 2007.

Daud, MohammedPresident of Afghanistan, 1973-1978; killed during the Afghan communist coup.

Daud, Sardar MohammedGovernor of Helmand who replaced Sher Mohammed Akhunzada in 2006.

Dobbins, JamesFormer U.S. ambassador to the Afghan Northern Alliance.

Dostum, RashidGeneral and the Uzbek anti-Taliban commander from northern Afghanistan.

Durand LineBorder dividing Pakistani and Afghan Pashtun tribes; demarcated by Sir Mortimer Durand in 1893 but which the Afghans do not recognize.

DurraniOne of the two major sections of the Pashtun tribes, the other being Ghilzai.

DynCorp InternationalU.S. contracting firm hired to train Afghan army and police.

Ecevit, BlentFormer prime minister of Turkey.

Eikenberry, Karl W.Lieutenant-general and commander of U.S.-led Coalition and NATO forces in Afghanistan, 2006; in 2002, head of the Office of Military Cooperation in the American embassy, Kabul.

Fahim, MohammedGeneral and successor to Ahmad Shah Masud as leader of the Panjsheri Tajiks and the Northern Alliance; later defense minister in President Karzais government.

Fallon, WilliamBecame chief of U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) in January 2007; resigned in March 2008 after differences with President Bush.

Farooqi, Amjad HussainA leader of Jaish-e-Mohammed who planned the two assassination attacks on Musharraf in December 2003.

Fazlullah, MaulanaHead of extremist militants in the Swat Valley; fought against government forces in 2007. Commander in the Taliban movement in Pakistan famous for his broadcasts on illegal FM radio.

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)Comprises the seven semiautonomous tribal agencies on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.

Ferghana ValleyA valley bordering Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan, and a hotbed of Islamic radicalism in Central Asia.

Fischer, JoschkaFormer German foreign minister and leader of the Green Party.

Franks, TommyGeneral and head of CENTCOM during the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.

Frontier CorpsEighty-thousand-strong Pakistani paramilitary force made up of Pashtun tribesmen.

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