Robert H. Brunswig - Spirit Lands of the Eagle and Bear: Numic Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Rocky Mountains and Borderlands

E DITED BY

Robert H. Brunswig

U NIVERSITY P RESS OF C OLORADO

Louisville

2020 by University Press of Colorado

Published by University Press of Colorado

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Louisville, Colorado 80027

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The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, University of Wyoming, Utah State University, and Western Colorado University.

ISBN: 978-1-64642-017-9 (hardcover)

ISBN: 978-1-64642-018-6 (ebook)

https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646420186

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Brunswig, Robert H., editor.

Title: Spirit Lands of the Eagle and Bear : Numic Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Rocky Mountains and Borderlands / edited by Robert H. Brunswig.

Description: Louisville, Colorado : University Press of Colorado, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020010043 (print) | LCCN 2020010044 (ebook) | ISBN 9781646420179 (cloth) | ISBN 9781646420186 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Numic IndiansColoradoHistory. | Numic IndiansColoradoSocial life and customs. | Numic IndiansWyomingHistory. | Numic IndiansWyomingSocial life and customs. | Numic IndiansAntiquities. | Antiquities, PrehistoricColorado. | Antiquities, PrehistoricWyoming. | Excavations (Archaeology)Colorado. | Excavations (Archaeology)Wyoming. | ColoradoAntiquities. | WyomingAntiquities.

Classification: LCC E99.N97 S65 2020 (print) | LCC E99.N97 (ebook) | DDC 978.7/01dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020010043

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020010044

Cover illustration by Eric Carlson.

Robert H. Brunswig

Bryon Schroeder

Matthew A. Stirn

Byron Loosle

Richard Adams

John (Jack) W. Ives

Robert H. Brunswig

Christine Chady, David Diggs, and Robert H. Brunswig

Robert H. Brunswig

Curtis Martin

Rand A. Greubel and John D. Cater

Lindsay M. Montgomery

Sally McBeth

Robert H. Brunswig

Location of Numic-expansion range and alpine-village sites mentioned in this chapter

Overview of northeastern Utah, showing the Uinta Basin and the Uinta Mountains

Both exterior halves of the Clegg vessel

Typical culturally modified scar shape and location on a ponderosa pine

Allen Corral plan map

Western United States, location of sites mentioned in the text

Cribbed versus conical wickiups in Wyoming

High Rise Village Site

Plan view and profile of a cut-and-fill lodge pad with wooden architectural elements

Promontory-phase sites and locations discussed in the text

East wall of 2013 excavations adjoining Stewards Trench B area

Examples of Promontory moccasins

Promontory moccasins

Hide-working implements from Promontory Cave 1

Promontory pottery recovered by Steward from Promontory Cave 1

Rock-art figures from Promontory Cave 1 and Grotto Canyon

Sue site and Ballinger Draw Research Area

GIS-map of Ballinger Draw Research Area and its inclusive sites

Location map of 5JA421 excavation blocks

Photographs of intact and partially intact projectile points

Three rim- and lip-sherd profiles from the 5JA421 vessel

Refitted double-braided appliqu sherd, and refitted rim section with double-braid

Fingernail- and fingertip-impressed refitted sherd sections

Side and top views of the refitted ceramic handle

Sue-site obsidian-artifact source locations in American West regions

Examples of sacred-site features

Two models showing posterior probability of finding sacred features

Eight areas with high probability of locating sacred archaeological sites

Locations of newly discovered sites using GIS predictive modeling

Sacred landmarks and suspected sacred sites used in intervisibility analysis

Views from Mount Chiquita: toward (a) North Park and (b) Longs Peak

GIS map of the 1914 Toll trails through Rocky Mountain National Park

Ute territory in the southern Rockies, eastern Great Basin, and Colorado Plateau

Indigenous trails and trail corridors, northcentral Colorado Rockies

Rock-feature trail markers on North Parks Pederson Ridge

A metal-ax-cut wickiup pole base

Uncompahgre Brownware vessel

Modern seed bead artwork

Comparison of earlier and later seed beads shown at the same scale

Camp-made iron projectile points from the Pisgah Wickiup Village

Plan view of the excavated area at the Feature 2 locus of site 5ME16097

Feature 2 locus with all basalt rocks deleted except those over 25 cm in diameter

Feature 1, wickiup, at site 5DT1895, looking east

Plan view of Feature 1, wickiup, at 5DT1895

Feature 2, semicircular arrangement of sandstone cobbles, site 5DT1895

Northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado

Eastern Ute core area and maximum extent of Eastern and Western Ute territory

Core area and maximum extent of Navajo occupation during the Dintah phase

Core area and maximum extent of Navajo occupation during the Gobernador phase

Core area and maximum extent of Navajo occupation during the Cabezon phase

Collapsed forked-stick hogan

Ute wickiup, Structure 1 at the Simpson Wickiup site (5SM2425)

Dintah Grayware, plain variety

Dintah Grayware, indented variety

Uncompahgre Brownware, plain variety

Uncompahgre Brownware, indented variety

Distributions of Ute and Navajo sites, based on inventory data

Distribution of Ute sites by site type

Ute encampment with Plains-style tipi and brush shelter

Distribution of brownware pottery based on cultural affiliation.

Mobility cycle of the Muache Ute

Distribution of petroglyph sites in New Mexico by cultural affiliation

Manby Hot Springs site with rock-art panels

Brownware sherds located at the Manby Hot Springs site

Petroglyph panels from Manby Hot Springs

Leaning wickiup, 19151916

Helen Wash and Loya Arrum offering tobacco in RMNP

Selected artifact and feature types at Wind River Mountain Villages

Radiocarbon dates from the High Rise Village and Burnt Wickiup sites

AMS results for Promontory Cave 1 (42B01) basketry

Sue-site radiocarbon date data

Correlation and calendar-date ranges based on radiocarbon and cultural-assemblage analysis

Residue-analysis results of the Sue-site Uncompahgre Brownware potsherd

Luminescence-dating results, Colorado Wickiup Project and ancillary studies

Dendrochronological dating results from the Colorado Wickiup Project

Thermoluminescence dates on ceramics from western Colorado Ute sites

Comparisons: Habitation structures and use of site space

Comparisons: Lithic technology

Comparisons: Plainware ceramics

Comparisons: Subsistence and settlement patterns