Max Boot - War Made New: Weapons, Warriors, and the Making of the Modern World
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1All ranks given for the time period under discussion. Interview subjects who requested anonymity are not named here.
The Savage Wars of Peace:
Small Wars and the Rise of American Power
TECHNOLOGY, WARFARE, AND
THE COURSE OF HISTORY,
1500 TO TODAY
GOTHAM BOOKS
Published by Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A.
Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.); Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England; Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd); Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd); Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India; Penguin Group (NZ), cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd); Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
Published by Gotham Books, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
A Council on Foreign Relations book
Copyright 2006 by Max Boot
All rights reserved
Founded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations is an independent, national membership organization and a nonpartisan center for scholars dedicated to producing and disseminating ideas so that individual and corporate members, as well as policymakers, journalists, students, and interested citizens in the United States and other countries, can better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other governments. The Council does this by convening meetings; conducting a wide-ranging Studies program; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal covering international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; maintaining a diverse membership; sponsoring Independent Task Forces; and providing up-to-date information about the world and U.S. foreign policy on the Councils website, www.cfr.org.
THE COUNCIL TAKES NO INSTITUTIONAL POSITION ON POLICY ISSUES AND HAS NO AFFILIATION WITH THE U.S. GOVERNMENT. ALL STATEMENTS OF FACT AND EXPRESSIONS OF OPINION CONTAINED IN ITS PUBLICATIONS ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHOR OR AUTHORS.
Maps by David Lindroth
Gotham Books and the skyscraper logo are trademarks of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Boot, Max, 1969
War made new : technology, warfare, and the course of history / Max Boot.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN: 978-1-1012-1683-5
1. Military history, Modern. 2. Military art and scienceTechnological innovations. I. Title.
D214.B67 2006
355.0209'03dc22 2006015518
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
While the author has made every effort to provide accurate telephone numbers and Internet addresses at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors, or for changes that occur after publication. Further, the publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party Web sites or their content.
To Olga and
Yan Kagan
A ll quotations are rendered in modern English, with spelling and capitalization regularized where necessary. Archaic usage makes no sense when translating foreign-language documents; it is also, in my view, an unnecessary distraction when quoting English-language documents of centuries past.
Chinese and Japanese names are rendered Western-style: given name followed by family name (e.g., Heihachiro Togo, not Togo Heihachiro).
Casualties , unless otherwise specified, refers to all those killed, wounded, missing, and taken prisoner.
The structure of armed forces has varied widely over the years, but readers unfamiliar with the military may find it useful to keep in mind the organization of the modern U.S. Army, which is roughly similar to that of most other state-run forces since the Napoleonic era. The smallest standing unit is the squad, which typically consists of ten soldiers led by a staff sergeant. Next comes the platoonthree to four squads (3040 soldiers) led by a lieutenant; followed by the company, artillery battery, or cavalry troopthree to four platoons (100200 soldiers) led by a captain; the battalion or armored cavalry squadronthree to seven companies (500900 soldiers) led by a lieutenant colonel; the brigade or cavalry regimentthree or more maneuver battalions (3,0005,000 soldiers) led by a colonel; the divisionthree or more brigades (10,00018,000 soldiers) led by a major general; the corpstwo to five divisions (20,000 to 40,000 soldiers) led by a lieutenant general; the field armytwo to five corps (50,000 or more soldiers) led by a lieutenant general or general; and finally, a formation not employed since World War IIthe army group: two or more field armies led by a full general.
War is both king of all and father of all, and it has revealed some as gods, others as men; some it has made slaves, others free.
Heraclitus (c. 500 B.C. )
In war, moral considerations account for three-quarters, the actual balance of forces only for the other quarter.
Napoleon Bonaparte (1808)
Tools, or weapons, if only the right ones can be discovered, form 99 percent of victory. Strategy, command, leadership, courage, discipline, supply, organization and all the moral and physical paraphernalia of war are nothing to a high superiority of weaponsat most they go to form the one percent which makes the whole possible.
J. F. C. Fuller (1919)
The Blitzkrieg of 1494
O ne of the most technologically forward-looking military expeditions in history was launched for the most retrograde of reasons. Fourteen ninety-four was a time of momentous change. Less than half a century had passed since the first printed book had appeared. The Moors and Jews had been expelled from Spain just two years before. Only a year before, an Italian sailor in Spanish employ named Columbus had returned from an overseas voyage claiming to have discovered a New World. Yet none of these events loomed as large at the time as the loss of Constantinople forty-one years earlier to the Turks. Byzantium, the bastion of Christianity in the East, had fallen to the Mohammedans! Any self-respecting Christian monarch felt a duty to take up arms. King Charles VIII of France had the means to act and the inclination to do so.
His kingdom had been greatly enlarged and substantially strengthened over the past half century. The English had been kicked out of Normandy and Guienne in 1453 at the end of the Hundred Years War. In subsequent decades, Armagnac, Burgundy, Provence, Anjou, and Brittany had been wrested from their feudal rulers and added to the crown domains. With France almost at its modern boundaries, Charles VIII presided over the most powerful nation in Europe at a time when the very concept of a state was just taking shape.
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