Alan P. Marcus - Confederate Exodus: Social and Environmental Forces in the Migration of U.S. Southerners to Brazil

Well researched and masterfully presented.... Confederate Exodusbrings to light important new information about the postCivil War emigration of Americans to Brazil. Marcus adds a major contribution to our knowledge of this significant period in our history.

Cyrus B. Dawsey, professor emeritus at Auburn University

Alan Marcus tells a compelling story of migration, ranging from analysis of the Confederado cemetery that brought a former U.S. president to tears, to a reinterpretation of commercial and ideological processes encouraging Southern families to move to Brazil.

Christian Brannstrom, professor of geography at Texas A&M University

In this intriguing historical geography, Marcus illuminates the little-known postbellum migration of American Confederate veterans to Brazil. Rather than serving as a mere curiosity, the Confederado experience highlights migration, agriculture, race, and nation-building in two giants of the Western Hemisphere.

Brian Godfrey, professor of geography at Vassar College

Alan P. Marcus

University of Nebraska Press | Lincoln

2021 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska

Cover designed by University of Nebraska Press; cover art courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society, ID 1954.133.1.

All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Marcus, Alan P., 1967 author.

Title: Confederate exodus: social and environmental forces in the migration of U.S. Southerners to Brazil / Alan P. Marcus.

Other titles: Social and environmental forces in the migration of U.S. southerners to Brazil

Description: Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020024023

ISBN 9781496224156 (hardback)

ISBN 9781496225245 (epub)

ISBN 9781496225269 (pdf)

Subjects: LCSH : American Confederate voluntary exilesBrazilHistory19th century. | WhitesSouthern StatesAttitudesHistory19th century. | United StatesHistoryCivil War, 18611865Refugees. | Southern StatesEmigration and immigrationHistory19th century. | BrazilEmigration and immigrationHistory19th century.

Classification: LCC F 2659. A 5 M 37 2021 | DDC 981/.00413dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024023

The publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.

For Debbie Marcus

Maps

Photographs

A few years ago, a colleague of mine at Towson University loaned me a book, The Graves of Tarim, written by Enseng Ho in 2006. Ho explained how the graves of pious ancestors have played an important symbolic role in the religious and social lives of Hadhramis in Tarim, Yemen, and between Hadhrami communities and the Indian Ocean diaspora. His discussions on genealogy and mobility, the significance of presenceand absence, and the interplay between kinship and memory reminded me of the Confederate cemetery in Brazila legacy of the migration of thousands of U.S. Southerners to Brazil after the U.S. Civil War.

Located on the outskirts of Santa Brbara dOeste in the western interior of the Brazilian state of So Paulo, the Confederate cemetery (Cemitrio do Campo, known as Campo), conspicuously reflects the exodus that took place over a century and a half ago. These conceptions about mobilities and the complex migration networks at hand led me to revisit the trajectories of the Confederados in Brazil (