Kristjan Ahronson - Into the Ocean: Vikings, Irish, and Environmental Change in Iceland and the North
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- Book:Into the Ocean: Vikings, Irish, and Environmental Change in Iceland and the North
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That Gaelic monasticism flourished in the early medieval period is well established. The Irish School penetrated large areas of Europe and contemporary authors describe North Atlantic travels and settlements. Across Scotland and beyond, Celtic-speaking communities spread into the wild and windswept north, marking hundreds of Atlantic settlements with carved and rock-cut sculpture. They were followed in the Viking Age by Scandinavians who dominated the Atlantic waters and settled the Atlantic rim.
With Into the Ocean, Kristjn Ahronson makes two dramatic claims: that there were people in Iceland almost a century before Viking settlers first arrived c. AD 870, and that there was a tangible relationship between the early Christian Irish communities of the Atlantic zone and the Scandinavians who followed them.
Ahronson uses archaeological, paleoecological, and literary evidence to support his claims, analysing evidence ranging from pap place names in the Scottish islands to volcanic airfall in Iceland. An interdisciplinary analysis of a subject that has intrigued scholars for generations, Into the Ocean will challenge the assumptions of anyone interested in the Atlantic branch of the Celtic world.
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Vikings, Irish, and Environmental Change in Iceland and the North
Kristjn Ahronson
University of Toronto Press
Toronto Buffalo London
University of Toronto Press 2015
Toronto Buffalo London
www.utppublishing.com
Printed in the U.S.A.
ISBN 978-1-4426-4617-9
Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper with vegetable-based inks.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Ahronson, Kristjn, 1975 , author Into the ocean : Vikings, Irish, and environmental change in Iceland and the north / Kristjn Ahronson.
(Toronto Old Norse and Icelandic series ; 8) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4426-4617-9 (bound)
1. Iceland Antiquities. 2. Iceland Antiquities, Celtic. 3. Viking antiquities Iceland. 4. Caves Iceland. 5. Paleoecology Iceland. 6. Environmental archaeology Iceland. I. Title. II. Series: Toronto Old Norse and Icelandic studies ; 8
DL321.A47 2015 949.12 C2014-904290-6
University of Toronto Press gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance of the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto, in the publication of this book.
University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of Ontario.
University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for its publishing activities.
ma famille
mon fils Dafydd Mathieu
a fy nghariad i Lowri Angharad
I gratefully acknowledge the support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and also of the Centre for Medieval Studies (Toronto). This book emerged from conversations with Professor William Gillies (Edinburgh), Professor Andy Dugmore (Edinburgh), Dr Fraser Hunter (National Museum of Scotland), Professor Thomas Charles-Edwards (Oxford), Professor Ann Dooley (Toronto), and Alex Woolf (St Andrews), and I thank them for their advice, vision, and criticisms. I also wish to give particular thanks to Professor Sir Barry Cunliffe (Oxford) and Professor Ian Ralston (Edinburgh) for their insight, as well as to Professor Jonathan Wooding (Sydney) for his helpful and perceptive comments on a draft of the book. Additionally, I am grateful to Ian MacKenzie (Edinburgh) and Craig Angus (National Museum of Scotland) for their kind assistance with illustrations. The tireless editing and support of Dr Lowri Ahronson sustained this book. I am also grateful to Professor Andy Orchard (Oxford), Suzanne Rancourt, Barbara Porter, Angela Wingfield, and the University of Toronto Press for all of their assistance. I wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments, which improved the work.
Ken Ahronson, Phil McLean, Deryck Aubrey, Dr Andy Newsham (Sussex), Dr Tnno Jonuks (Tartu), and Sam Thompson very kindly commented on draft chapters and helped me to work towards my goal of accessible scholarship.
Dr Jonathan Henderson (Edinburgh) generously contributed his specialist knowledge of bird migrations to the ideas of this chapter.
I was fortunate to meet with Professor Hermann Plsson (Edinburgh) early in my research for the first chapter, and I profited from that conversation. Importantly, Professor Richard Sharpe (Oxford) pointed me towards the oft-forgotten work of Eugne Beauvois, and Peter Allmond of the Bodleian Library kindly obtained Beauvoiss articles that had recently disappeared from the stacks including his crucial 1875 paper. Professor Andrew Wawn (Leeds) and Professor Donald Meek (Edinburgh) independently then sparked my efforts to contextualize the Chevalier scholar among his contemporaries. Professor Carole Hillenbrand (Edinburgh) introduced me to Norman Sicily, while Professor Jeremy Johns (Oxford) supplied specialist knowledge on the medieval Arabic world, and Dr Ben White (Birmingham) assisted with translations.
Chapter 2 was written in response to a challenge from Professor Ian Simpson (Stirling), and I am indebted to him for this. Dr Attila Tanyi (Liverpool) helpfully commented on my philosophy.
I am grateful to Dr Simon Taylor (Glasgow) for introducing me to Scotlands place names and for generously sharing his discovery of the Papies Holm name. Dr Peder Gammeltoft (Copenhagen) provided much specialist advice and kindly commented on a draft of chapter 3. Exceptionally, he has turned his own pen to the subject and kept me abreast of this work. I am also pleased to thank, for his advice and assistance, Dr Arne Kruse (Edinburgh). Additionally, I am grateful to Professor Ian Simpson (Stirling) and Dr Barbara Crawford (St Andrews) for inviting me to take part in their Scottish Papar Project.
Professor Rory McTurk (Leeds) and Professor Gsli Plsson (Iceland) were crucial in fostering my interdisciplinary interest in the Icelandic past. Mjll Snsdttir, Gurn Sveinbjarnardttir, and the jminjasafn slands (National Museum of Iceland) welcomed me into Icelands archaeological community. Crucially, my fieldwork at Seljaland profited from the steadfast encouragements of Hlfdan mar Hlfdanarson and Kristjn lafsson of Seljaland. Additionally, rur Tmasson ( Skgum) provided helpful advice.
Preliminary 2001 fieldwork was assisted by Professor Andy Dugmore, Professor Tom McGovern (CUNY), and Dr Sophia Perdikaris (CUNY) as well as their students from the City University of New York. This preliminary assessment was carried out in parallel with magnetic susceptibility research by Dr Martin Kirkbride and Donald Ashburn, both of the University of Dundee.
2001 field team : Gumundur H. Jnsson (co-director), Florian Huber (excavation and survey), Dr Alan Macniven (assistance), and Raymond Meaney (assistance).
Post-excavation: Dr Kate T. Smith (tephrochronological analysis).
Institutional support: jminjasafn slands (equipment) and Department of Geography at the University of Edinburgh (logistics).
2002 field team : Dr Jessica Bcklund (co-director), Dr Kate T. Smith (tephrochronology), Dr Tnno Jonuks (tephra contours), and Dr Kerry-Anne Mairs (field illustrations).
Post-excavation: Dr Jessica Bcklund (sample column processing), Ian G. Scott (publication illustrations), Gardiner Molloy (advice on stone working), and Chris Doherty of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at Oxford (geological analysis).
Institutional support: Pll Marvin Jnsson of Hskli slands Vestmannaeyjum (equipment, accommodation, and facilities), National Museums of Scotland (equipment), Department of Geography at the University of Edinburgh (equipment and logistics), jminjasafn slands (equipment), the people of Seljaland (accommodation), and Fornleifastofnun slands (logistics).
I am grateful to the sympathetic work of those responsible for two documentary films made in 2002: the Dutch team of Paul Klotz and Merel Brandon (Crossing Caves, premiered 1 May 2003), and Eln Hirst of Icelandic National Television (broadcast 1 September 2002).
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