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Brandon T. Jett - Race, Crime, and Policing in the Jim Crow South: African Americans and Law Enforcement in Birmingham, Memphis, and New Orleans, 1920–1945

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Race, Crime, and Policing in the Jim Crow South: African Americans and Law Enforcement in Birmingham, Memphis, and New Orleans, 1920–1945: summary, description and annotation

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Throughout the Jim Crow era, southern police departments played a vital role in the maintenance of white supremacy. Police targeted African Americans through an array of actions, including violent interactions, unjust arrests, and the enforcement of segregation laws and customs. Scholars have devoted much attention to law enforcements use of aggression and brutality as a means of maintaining African American subordination. While these interpretations are vital to the broader understanding of police and minority relations, Black citizens have often come off as powerless in their encounters with law enforcement. Brandon T. Jetts Race, Crime, and Policing in the Jim Crow South, by contrast, reveals previously unrecognized efforts by African Americans to use, manage, and exploit policing. In the process, Jett exposes a much more complex relationship, suggesting that while violence or the threat of violence shaped police and minority relations, it did not define all interactions.Black residents of southern cities repeatedly complained about violent policing strategies and law enforcements seeming lack of interest in crimes committed against African Americans. These criticisms notwithstanding, Blacks also voiced a desire for the police to become more involved in their communities to reduce the seemingly intractable problem of crime, much of which resulted from racial discrimination and other structural factors related to Jim Crow. Although the actions of the police were problematic, African Americans nonetheless believed that law enforcement could play a role in reducing crime in their communities. During the first half of the twentieth century, Black citizens repeatedly demanded better policing and engaged in behaviors designed to extract services from law enforcement officers in Black neighborhoods as part of a broader strategy to make their communities safer.By examining the myriad ways in which African Americans influenced the police to serve the interests of the Black community, Jett adds a new layer to our understanding of race relations in the urban South in the Jim Crow era and contributes to current debates around the relationship between the police and minorities in the United States.

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RACE, CRIME, AND POLICING
IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH

MAKING THE MODERN SOUTH

David Goldfield, Series Editor

RACE

CRIME

AND

POLICING

IN THE

JIM CROW

SOUTH

African Americans and Law Enforcement in Birmingham, Memphis, and New Orleans, 19201945

BRANDON T. JETT

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS

BATON ROUGE

Published by Louisiana State University Press

www.lsupress.org

Copyright 2021 by Louisiana State University Press

All rights reserved. Except in the case of brief quotations used in articles or reviews, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any format or by any means without written permission of Louisiana State University Press.

Designer: Mandy McDonald Scallan

Typeface: Sential

A portion of chapter 3 first appeared, in somewhat different form, in Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South, edited by Amy Louise Wood and Natalie J. Ring (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2019).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Jett, Brandon T., author.

Title: Race, crime, and policing in the Jim Crow South : African Americans and law enforcement in Birmingham, Memphis, and New Orleans, 19201945 / Brandon T. Jett.

Other titles: Making the modern South.

Description: Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, [2021] | Series: Making the modern South | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020042743 (print) | LCCN 2020042744 (ebook) | ISBN 978-0-8071-7507-1 (cloth) | ISBN 978-0-8071-7554-5 (pdf) | ISBN 978-0-8071-7555-2 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: African AmericansSouthern StatesGovernment relationsHistory20th century. | Police-community relationsSouthern StatesHistory20th century. | Discrimination in law enforcementSouthern StatesHistory20th century. | Law enforcementSouthern StatesHistory20th century. | African AmericansSegregation. | Southern StatesRace relationsHistory20th century.

Classification: LCC E185.61 .J467 2021 (print) | LCC E185.61 (ebook) | DDC 305.800975/0904dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020042743

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020042744

To Dori,

whose support of me and this project never wavered.

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

As anyone who has ever written a book knows, it is not an individual process. I am delighted to thank the many people and institutions that contributed to the completion of this project over the course of nearly a decade. I am sincerely appreciative of the support, encouragement, and assistance that you all provided. Thank you all for the multitude of ways you have made my life and this project significantly better.

First and foremost, dozens of archivists and librarians assisted me throughout the research phase. Irene Wainwright and Christina Bryant of the Louisiana Division/City Archives and Special Collections at the New Orleans Public Library, Jim Baggett at the Department of Archives and Manuscripts at the Birmingham Public Library, Vincent Clark of the Shelby County Archives, and G. Wayne Dowdy and Scott Lillard at the Memphis and Shelby County Room at the Memphis Public Library directed me to primary sources, answered questions, and provided professional support in person and via email and phone conversations. The interlibrary loan staffs at the Smathers Library at the University of Florida, Rollins College, and Florida SouthWestern State College fielded requests for obscure articles, books, and newspapers with incredible efficiency.

Many students assisted in the larger research in several ways. Melissa Dunham, Sami Manausa, and Desmond Nichols assisted me in creating a database of thousands of stolen-property cases from New Orleans, and Martez Files found and scanned several grand jury indictment records at the Birmingham Public Library. I am appreciative of their individual efforts to assist in the project and their willingness to help me at critical junctures throughout the research process.

I am indebted to numerous institutions and organizations that provided support for this book. I received funding from multiple organizations throughout the course of my time at the University of Florida. The History Graduate Society and the University Womens Club provided funding that supported my early forays into the archives in Birmingham that fundamentally shaped the larger project. The Department of History and the Graduate School provided substantial monetary support that contributed to an intensive and grueling three-month-long research trip that included stops in Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans, and Washington, D.C.

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