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Yves Buffetaut - The Falaise Pocket: Normandy, August 1944

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A highly illustrated account of the battle of the Falaise Pocket, Normandy 1944.
The battle of the Falaise Pocket, in August 1944, was the turning point in the Normandy campaign. By early August the German Army was in turmoil: while it was managing to hold back the Allies, the defense involved resources that could not be replaced, and the Allies ruled the skies above. In late July, American troops broke through the American lines and pushed south and east, while British and Canadian troops pushed south. Although unable to counter these offensives, Hitler refused to permit the commander Army Group B, Field Marshal von Kluge, to withdraw. Instead he was ordered to launch a counteroffensive at Mortain, the result being that the Germans ended up further into the Allied envelopment. On 8 August Montgomery ordered that the Allied armies converge on the Falaise areaby 21 August the Allies had linked up and sealed the pocket, trapping around 50,000 Germans inside. While many soldiers did eventually escape the encirclement, the losses were catastrophic and by the end of the month Army Group B had retreated across the Seine, ending the battle of Normandy. This illustrated account examines the battle from the failed offensive at Mortain, looking at both German and Allied perspectives, using maps, diagrams and profiles to complete the story.

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THE FALAISE POCKET NORMANDY AUGUST 1944 THE FALAISE POCKET - photo 1
THE FALAISE POCKET
NORMANDY, AUGUST 1944
THE FALAISE POCKET NORMANDY AUGUST 1944 YVES BUFFETAUT - photo 2
THE FALAISE POCKET NORMANDY AUGUST 1944 YVES BUFFETAUT CIS0010 - photo 3
THE FALAISE POCKET
NORMANDY, AUGUST 1944
YVES BUFFETAUT
CIS0010 Print Edition ISBN 978-1-61200-7274 Digital Edition ISBN - photo 4
CIS0010 Print Edition ISBN 978-1-61200-7274 Digital Edition ISBN - photo 5
CIS0010
Print Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-7274
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-7281
Kindlel Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-7281
This book is published in cooperation with and under license from
Sophia Histoire & Collections. Originally published in French as
Militaria Hors-Serie No 46, Histoire & Collections 2002
Translation by Hannah McAdams
Design by Mary Woolley, Battlefield Design
Color artwork by Jean Restayn Histoire & Collections
Infographics by Leonie Young and Denis Gill
Additional text by Chris Cocks
Photo retouching and separations by Remy Spezzano
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (US)
Telephone (610) 853-9131
Fax (610) 853-9146
Email: casemate@casematepublishers.com
www.casematepublishers.com
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (UK)
Telephone (01865) 241249
Fax (01865) 794449
Email: casemate-uk@casematepublishers.co.uk
www.casematepublishers.co.uk
Title page: The bulk of the panzer divisions had generally fought against the British, and when the Americans succeeded in breaking through, the Germans could not disengage quickly enough to counterattack with any significant force. The Mortain counteroffensive only employed three panzer divisions, just one of which was fresh: the 116th Panzer Division. Tigers from the heavy battalions, like these from the 102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, remained on the British front. (ECPAD)
Contents page: Young Hohenstaufen Division troops scan the sky for Allied Jabos. (ECPAD)
Map: The Western Front, August 711, 1944
Note: vehicle illustrations and profiles are not to scale.
Contents Timeline of Events The German Army after the Defeat at Mortain - photo 6
Contents Timeline of Events The German Army after the Defeat at Mortain - photo 7
Contents
Timeline of Events
The German Army after the Defeat at Mortain
British Pressure on the North of the Front
The Franco-American Envelopment
The Germans Retreat into the Falaise Pocket
The Pocket Closes and the Germans Break Out
Afterword
Further Reading
Timeline of Events
The Normandy campaign ran for almost three monthsfrom D-Day on June 6, 1944 to the liberation of Paris on August 30, 1944when it was planned for one at the outside. A series of Allied operations, some more successful than others, over the course of the Epsom, Goodwood, Bluecoat, Cobra, and Tractable as examplessaw the Allies breaking out from their beachheads, and advancing, scrabbling at times, into the interior of Normandy where the Germans were slowly and inexorably squeezed southward toward Argentan and Falaise.
A 37-inch gun in action in August 1944 during the battle of the Falaise - photo 8
A 37-inch gun in action in August 1944 during the battle of the Falaise - photo 9
A 3.7-inch gun in action in August 1944, during the battle of the Falaise Pocket. This piece with a caliber of just over 92mm was the equivalent of a German 8.8cm gun. (IWM B9227)
The German Army after the Defeat at Mortain
While the failure at Mortain was not overly costly for the German army, the American breakthrough and subsequent rapid advance through the region provoked a clear shift in the German defensive strategy in the west.
For the first time since the Normandy landings of June 1944, Hitler began to consider abandoning France, or at least Normandy. He knew that the River Seine, with its many meanders, was not tenable as a defensive position. It could only serve as a checkpoint, in any event requiring a large number of men to hold it. But the Seine was not the only natural barrier between Normandy and the German frontier. General Alfred Jodl, Chief of Staff of Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, or Army High Command) began preparing a long defensive barrier, comprised of two principal lines: the first ran from the English Channel to the Vosges Mountains via a series of riversthe Somme, the Marne and the Sane while the second, closer to Germany, curved through the Albert Canal and the Meuse before also reaching the Vosges. This was the Siegfried Line; its fortifications had been neglected for the past four years in favor of the Atlantic Wall, but it remained a formidable line of defense. Toward the end of July, Jodl began repairing the line through Organization Todt, requisitioning Belgian and French civilians, essentially slave labor, to work on the defenses along the roads and rivers.
A Tiger from the 102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion at the front in the Caen - photo 10
A Tiger from the 102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion at the front in the Caen sector. In order to operate effectively in the west, the 7th Army had to be sure that Eberbachs 5th Panzer Army could contain the British. (ECPAD)
The population of Normandy was the real victim of the battle that began on June - photo 11
The population of Normandy was the real victim of the battle that began on June 6: towns and villages were destroyed, large numbers of civilians were killed, and livestock was slaughtered wholesale. This photo, taken either in the southern Calvados region or in La Manche, shows a Panzer IV from an unidentified unit behind fleeing civilians. (ECPAD)
On July 31, Hitler made two important decisions, one of which had an immediate effect: the Allies were to be prevented from using any French ports, which meant that in Brittany the Germans were obliged to concentrate their forces around the ports and consequently abandon the interior. A similar outcome, that is the abandoning of the hinterland, would have occurred anyway had the Western Front collapsed, along with the requisite destruction of all road and railway infrastructure that would have accompanied a retreat. The other, equally fateful decision was to launch Operation
Organization Todt (OT) was formed in 1933 as a vast engineering operation across the Third Reich. It was named after its founder, Fritz Todt, who was responsible for developing the national infrastructure, including the rail and autobahn networks. Todt died in an aircraft crash in 1942 and was succeeded by the mercurial Albert Speer, the Minister of Armaments and Munitions. OT employed some 1.4 million slave laborers.
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