VIOLENCE AND GENDER IN ANCIENT EGYPT
Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt shifts the focus of gender studies in Egyptology to social phenomena rarely addressed through the lens of gender war and violence, exploring the complex intersections of violence and gender in ancient Egypt.
Building on current discussions in philosophy, anthropology, and sociology, and on analysis of relevant historic texts, iconography, and archaeological remains by looking at possible gender patterns behind evidence of trauma, the book bridges the gap between modern understandings of gendered violence and its functioning in ancient Egypt. Areas explored include the following: differences in gendered aggression and violent acts between people and deities; sexual violence; the taking of men, women, and children as prisoners of war; and feminization of enemies. By examining ancient Egyptian texts and images with evidence for violence from different periods and contexts private tombs, divine temples, royal stelae, papyri, and ostraca, ranging over 3,000 years of cultural history Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt highlights the complex intersection between gender and violence in ancient Egyptian culture.
The book will appeal to scholars and students working in Egyptology, archaeology, history, anthropology, sociology, and gender studies.
Uro Mati is a research fellow of the Austrian Archaeological Institute (Cairo Branch), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. He received his PhD from the Institute for Egyptology and Coptic Studies of the University in Muenster (Germany) in 2017. Since 2012, he has been a team member of several archaeological missions in Egypt (Tell el-Dabca, Aswan, and Kom Ombo). He was a Co-Chair of the Archaeology and Gender in Europe (AGE) community of the European Association of Archaeologists from 2016 to 2019.
Archaeology of Gender and Sexuality
Series editor: Pamela L. Geller
Contributions in this series approach gender and sexuality not as traits or things but as distinct processes, separate though often related, and crucial for materializing how past peoples coupled, birthed, became, labored, oppressed, or mourned within a given cultural-historic context. To this end, the series single-authored books and edited volumes engage with innovative social theorizing about gender and sexuality, namely feminist and queer perspectives that address the complexities of socio-sexual livestheir intersectionality, dynamism, and politicization. Authors also ground theorizing with concrete archaeological or bioarchaeological case studies. Through contextualized and evidence-based examples, readers identify universally shared and culturally specific aspects of gender and sexuality. Timely (or timeless) topics are highlighted, such as copulation, childbirth, space and its segregation, and violence, amongst other concerns. Finally, contributions to the book series critically assess archaeologys contemporary practices and their socio-political impacts. To do so is a lesson in the historic and prescient; authors tease out generational shifts in archaeologists studies of gender and sexuality, as well as propose future directions for research.
Violence and Gender in Ancient Egypt
Uro Mati
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/Archaeology-of-Gender-and-Sexuality/book-series/AGS
VIOLENCE AND
GENDER IN ANCIENT
EGYPT
Uro Mati
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2021 Uro Mati
The right of Uro Mati to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-0-367-35621-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-35620-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-34066-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
To all the tomboys and sissies of this and past worlds
CONTENTS
Figures
Chronological Table of Periods and Kings Mentioned in the Text
Preface
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Gender of aggression: violent men, women, and deities in ancient Egypt
3 Masculine domination: evidence of sexual violence
4 Objects of desire: men, women, and children as spoils of war
5 He is looking at bowmen like women: gender as a frame of war
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
2.1 Ostracon Cairo CG 25125, height 25 cm, width 38 cm, line drawing by the author based on a photograph, detail, no scale (after Daressy, Ostraca, Pl. XXIV).
2.2 Ithyphallic leonine goddess from the temple of Khonsu in Karnak, west wall, room 12, photo, no scale (courtesy of Asavaa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/KhonsuTemple-Karnak-Sekhmet_like.jpg).
2.3 Mut the Great from the temple of Hibis in Kharga oasis depicted as an ithyphallic lioness, reign of Darius I (550-486 BC), line drawing, no scale (digitally redrawn by Astrid Hassler, Austrian Archaeological Insistute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, after Davies, The Temple of Hibis in El-Khargeh Oasis III, Pl. 2. II).
2.4 Ithyphallic Mut with three heads from the vignette of Ptolemaic Papyrus Turin 1791 from complementary Chapter 164 of the Book of the Dead, line drawing, no scale (digitally redrawn by Astrid Hassler, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, after Lepsius, Das Todtenbuch der gypter nach dem hieroglyphischen Papyrus in Turin, LXXVIII with the phallus added based on the photo of the vignette from Das Altgyptische Totenbuch. Ein Digitales Textzeugenarchiv).
2.5 Neith suckling two crocodiles, 66430 BC, no scale (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/570322).
2.6 Anat, line drawing by the author based on stela of Qeh (British Museum EA 191), 19th dynasty, detail, no scale (https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=177464&partId=1).
4.1 Siege of an Asiatic town, tomb of Inti, 5th dynasty, Desheshah, line drawing (after Petrie, Deshasheh, Pl. IV).
4.2 Siege of an Asiatic town, tomb of Intef, 11th dynasty, line drawing, courtesy of Brigitte Jaro-Deckert (after Jaro-Deckert, Das Grab des Jnj-jtj.f, Pl. 17).