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James Lacey - Rome: Strategy of Empire

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James Lacey Rome: Strategy of Empire
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The first work to lay out Roman strategic thinking from its start under Augustus until its final demise in 476 CEFrom Octavians victory at Actium (31 bc) to its traditional endpoint in the West (476), the Roman Empire lasted a solid 500 yearsan impressive number by any standard, and fully one-fifth of all recorded history. In fact, the decline and final collapse of the Roman Empire took longer than most other empires even existed. Any historian trying to unearth the grand strategy of the Roman Empire must, therefore, always remain cognizant of the time scale, in which she is dealing. Although the pace of change in the Roman era never approached that of the modern era, it was not an empire in stasis. While the visible trappings may have changed little, the challenges Rome faced at its end were vastly different than those faced by Augustus and the Julio-Claudians. Over the centuries, the Empires underlying economy, political arrangements, military affairs, and, most importantly, the myriad of external threats it faced were in constant flux, making adaptability to changing circumstances as important to Roman strategists as it is to strategists of the modern era.Yet the very idea of Rome having a grand strategy, or what it might be, had not concerned historians until Edward Luttwaks The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire appeared forty years ago. Although this pioneering work generated much debate, it failed to win over many ancient historians, in part because of its heavy emphasis on military force and its neglect of considerations of diplomacy, economics, politics, culture, and the changing nature of the threats that confronted Rome.By employing an expansive definition of strategy and by focusing much of the narrative on crucial historical moments and the personalities involved, James Lacey provides a comprehensive, persuasive, and engaging account of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It assimilates the most recent work of classical historians and archaeologists to correct the flaws and omissions of previous accounts, thus presenting the most complete and nuanced narrative of Roman strategic thinking and execution ever published.

James Lacey: author's other books


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James Lacey - Rome: Strategy of Empire
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Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

Oxford University Press 2022

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Lacey, James, 1958- author.

Title: Rome : strategy of empire / James Lacey.

Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2022] |

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2022003249 (print) | LCCN 2022003250 (ebook) |

ISBN 9780190937706 (hardback) | ISBN 9780190937720 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Strategy. | RomeMilitary policy. | RomeArmy. |

RomeHistory, Military.

Classification: LCC U35 .L33 2022 (print) | LCC U35 (ebook) |

DDC 355.009456/32dc23/eng/20220223

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022003249

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022003250

DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190937706.001.0001

Dedicated to Thomas and Jordan Saunders for their support of learning and their love of country

Contents

27 BCE The Senate confers on Octavian the title of Augustus

23 BCE The Senate grants Augustus the powers of imperium proconsulare maius and tribunicia potestas for life, thereby ending the Roman Republic

9 CE Tiberius ends the Pannonian Revolt

9 CE Roman army under Varus annihilated in the Teutoburg Wald

1437 CE Tiberius becomes emperor

1416 CE Germanicus campaigns in Germany

3741 CE Caligula becomes emperor

3940 CE Caligula launches an abortive campaign against Germania and Britain

4154 CE Claudius becomes emperor

4344 CE Britain brought under Roman rule

5468 CE Nero becomes emperor

6869 CE Year of the Four Emperors

6979 CE Vespasian becomes emperor; start of the Flavian dynasty

7981 CE Titus becomes emperor

8196 CE Domitian becomes emperor

96 CE Domitian murdered; Nerva becomes emperor

98 CE Trajan becomes emperor

101 CE Trajan campaigns on the Danube

104 CE Trajan conquers Dacia

114117 CE War with Parthia adds Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria as new provinces

117 CE Hadrian becomes emperor and makes peace with Parthia

138161 CE Antoninus Pius becomes emperor

161 CE Death of Antoninus; Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor with Verus as co-emperor

162166 CE Parthian War

166 CE Start of the Antonine Plague

167175 CE First Marcomannic War on the Danube

167 CE Marcus Aurelius attacks the Quadi

168 CE Marcus Aurelius becomes sole emperor

169179 CE Marcus Aurelius campaigns in Pannonia

175 CE Avidius Cassius revolts

175180 CE Second war on the tribes along the Danube

180 CE Commodus becomes emperor and makes peace with the Danubian tribes

192 CE Death of Commodus

193194 CE A second Year of Four Emperors

193211 CE Septimius Severus becomes emperor, starting the Severan dynasty

195196 CE Parthian campaign

208211 CE Septimius Severus heads the campaign in Britain and dies there

211217 CE Caracalla becomes emperor

212 CE Caracalla confers citizenship on all free men in the Empire

216 CE War breaks out again in Parthia

218222 CE Elagabalus becomes emperor

222235 CE Alexander Severus becomes emperor

224241 CE Artaxerxes I reigns over a new Persian dynasty, the Sassanids

235238 CE Gordianus I and II become co-emperors

238244 CE Gordianus III becomes emperor

241271 CE Sapor I becomes ruler of Persia

242243 CE Victorious Roman campaigns against the Persians

244249 CE Philip the Arab becomes emperor

248 CE Rome celebrates its millennium

248251 CE Decius becomes emperor

251 CE Decius killed in battle by Goths

251253 CE Trebonianus Gallus becomes emperor

253260 CE Valerian and his son Gallienus become co-emperors

253 CE Persians invade and take Antioch

260 CE Valerian captured by Persians

260268 CE Gallienus becomes sole emperor

260272 CE Zenobia seizes most of the Eastern Empire and Egypt but is defeated by Aurelian

274 CE Postumus establishes a new empire in Gaul (261268), ruled by Tetricus (270274)

268270 CE Claudius II (Gothicus) becomes emperor

270275 CE Aurelian becomes emperor

276282 CE Probus becomes emperor

282283 CE Carus becomes emperor

283285 CE Carinus becomes emperor

283 CE Carus campaigns in Persia

284305 CE Diocletian and Maximian become co-emperors

293 CE Diocletian creates the tetrarchy with himself and Maximian as co-Augusti and Galerius and Constantius as co-Caesars

297 CE The Empire is divided administratively into twelve dioceses

301 CE The Edict of Maximum Prices is published

305 CE Diocletian and Maximian abdicate; Galerius and Constantius become co-Augusti

306 CE Constantine is declared co-Augustus after death of his father, Constantius

306 CE Maxentius, son of Maximian, revolts against Constantine

308 CE An imperial conference, held by Diocletian, starts a new round of civil wars

312 CE Constantines victory at Milvian Bridge give him control of Rome

313 CE Constantine and his eastern rival, Licinius, reconcile and become co-emperors

313 CE The co-emperors issue the Edict of Milan, ending the persecution of Christians

314 CE A ten-year series of civil wars erupts

324 CE Constantine becomes sole emperor

325 CE The Council of Nicaea makes Christianity the official religion of the Empire

326 CE Constantine makes Byzantium the Empires new capital and renames it Constantinople

337 CE Constantine dies

337 CE The Empire is divided among Constantines three sons, Constantine II (Western), Constans (Middle), and Constantius (Eastern)

338 CE Constantius fights war against Persias Sapor II; first siege of Nisibis

340 CE Constans and Constantine II fight; Constantine II is killed at the Battle of Aquileia

344 CE Persian victory at Singara

346 CE Second unsuccessful siege of Nisibis by Sapor II

350 CE Third siege of Nisibis. Because of trouble on his other frontiers, Sapor II makes a truce with Constantius. A usurper, Magnentius, murders Constans and becomes emperor in the west

351 CE Magnentius defeated by Constantius II at the Battle of Mursa

352 CE Italy recovered; Magnentius in Gaul

353 CE Final defeat and death of Magnentius; Constantius becomes the Empires sole ruler

356 CE Julian dispatched as Caesar to Gaul, where he successfully fights the Alemanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians

357 CE Challenge by Sapor II

359 CE Sapor II invades Mesopotamia; Constantius goes to the east

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