David Y. Miller - A Holy Alliance?: Church, Labor and the Communist Party in Costa Rica, 1932-48: Church, Labor and the Communist Party in Costa Rica, 1932-48

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A Holy Alliance?

Perspectives on Latin America and the Caribbean

---

THE CHAINS OF INTERDEPENDENCE
U.S. POLICY TOWARD CENTRAL AMERICA, 1945-1954
Michael L. Krenn

A HOLY ALLIANCE?
THE CHURCH AND THE LEFT IN COSTA RICA, 1932-1948
Eugene D. Miller

QUISQUEYA LA BELLA
THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN HISTORIC AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Alan Cambeira

REVOLUTION REASSESSED
DEMOCRACY AND THE LEFT IN CONTEMPORARY CENTRAL AMERICA
Stepehn R. Pelletier

A Holy Alliance?

The Church and the Left in Costa Rica, 1932-1948

Eugene D. Miller

First published 1996 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1996 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Miller, Eugene D., 1953
A holy alliance?: the church and the left in Costa Rica, 19321948 / Eugene D. Miller
p. cm.(Perspectives on Latin America and the Caribbean)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56324-910-3 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. Labor movementCosta RicaHistory20th century.
2. Church and laborCosta RicaHistory20th century.
3. Partido Comunista de Costa RicaHistory.
4. Working classCosta RicaPolitical activityHistory20th century.
5. Costa RicaPolitics and government18211948.
6. Costa RicaPolitics and government19481986.
I. Title.
II. Series.
HD8136.M55 1996
322'.2'097286dc20
96-21909
CIP

ISBN 13: 9781563249105 (hbk)

To Susan

Contents

1. Part I: Consolidation and Domestic Alliance, 1934-1943
   1. 1. In the Democratic Tradition: The Founding of the Partido Comunista de Costa Rica
   2. 2. The Strikes of 1934
   3. 3. Consolidation and Contradictions: The State, the CPCR, and the Formation of the Confederacion de Trabajadores de Costa Rica
2. Part II: Schism and Foreign Affiliation, 1943-1948
   1. 4. The Wartime Alliance and the 1943 Labor Code
   2. 5. Confederacin Costarricense de Trabajadores Rerum Novarum and the Church, 1943-1945
   3. 6. The Partido Vanguardia Popular and the Fall of the Ruling Alliance
   4. 7. International Influences: The Confederacin de Trabajadores de Amrica Latina and the National Catholic Welfare Conference
   5. 8. Conclusion

1. Part I: Consolidation and Domestic Alliance, 1934-1943
   1. 1. In the Democratic Tradition: The Founding of the Partido Comunista de Costa Rica
   2. 2. The Strikes of 1934
   3. 3. Consolidation and Contradictions: The State, the CPCR, and the Formation of the Confederacion de Trabajadores de Costa Rica
2. Part II: Schism and Foreign Affiliation, 1943-1948
   1. 4. The Wartime Alliance and the 1943 Labor Code
   2. 5. Confederacin Costarricense de Trabajadores Rerum Novarum and the Church, 1943-1945
   3. 6. The Partido Vanguardia Popular and the Fall of the Ruling Alliance
   4. 7. International Influences: The Confederacin de Trabajadores de Amrica Latina and the National Catholic Welfare Conference
   5. 8. Conclusion

1. xiv

Guide

1. Table 1.1 Coffee as a Percentage of the Value of Total Exports
2. Table 2.1 Banana Exports
3. Table 2.2 Racial Composition by Provinces
4. Table 3.1 Economically Active Population by Sector, 1927
5. Table 3.2 Selected Agricultural Occupation by Sector, 1927
6. Table 3.3 Foreign Population by Country of Origin, 1927
7. Table 3.4 Selected Industrial Occupations by Sector, 1927
8. Table 3.5 Rural Minimum Wage Levels, 1938
9. Table 3.6 Workers' Occupations Ranked by Wages
10. Table 3.7 Population of San Jos Province and Migration to the Capital
11. Table 3.8 Composite Weekly Budget for a Family of Six in Rural Heredia, 1940
12. Table 3.9 Number of Workers According to Size of Farms
13. Table 3.10 Work Related Accidents
14. Table 3.11 Indemnities Paid
15. Table 4.1 Value of Costa Rican Exports to Country of Destination, 1937-1943
16. Table 4.2 Value of Imports to Costa Rica by Country of Origin, 1938-1943
17. Table 4.3 Sugar Production: Percentage of Producers of German Ancestry
18. Table 4.4 Actual and Percentage of Labor and Social Security Expenditures to Total Government Expenditures
19. Table 5.1 Partial List of CCTRN Affiliates
20. Table 5.2 Economically Active Population by Sector and Sex, 1927 and 1950
21. Table 6.1 Summary of Concentration of Partido Vanguardia Popular Cells
22. Table 6.2 Proportional Concentrations of Vanguardia Cells as a Percentage of Provincial Population
23. Table 6.3 Circulation of Trabajo
24. Table 8.1 Unions Active and Defunct
25. Map of Costa Rica
26. Map of Central America

Many individuals and institutions made this work possible. The International Institute of Education Fulbright Office funded my research in Costa Rica; the American Historical Association funded much of my research in Washington, D.C. I especially wish to thank the Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies, City University of New York, and its director, Ronald G, Hellman, for long-standing financial and intellectual support.

In Costa Rica, I owe much gratitude to the many individuals who encouraged this work. In particular, I want to thank Eldeberto Torres-Rivas, General Secretary of Facultad Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), who welcomed my affiliation to his institution, and Vctor Hugo Acua and Mariellos Aguilar, whose discussions and work helped me understand and investigate the uniqueness of the Costa Rican experience. Of the many individuals who allowed themselves to be interviewed, I owe a debt of gratitude to the late Benjamn Nez, who exemplified the moral depth and complexity of the labor history and to a truly remarkable individual, Manuel Mora. Many people gave graciously of their time and knowledge in the archives that I visited in the United States, in Costa Rica, and in Mexico. I owe them all a deep debt of gratitude, as I do to the people of Costa Rica. This work attempts to retell a small part of their important and dignified history.

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