Joshua A. Fogel - The Cultural Dimensions of Sino-Japanese Relations: Essays on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Essays on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

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The

Cultural

Dimension

of

Sino-Japanese

Relations

Joshua Fogels eight essays examine a prodigious range of little-known topics: the recovery of lost Chinese scholarly texts in Japan and China, Sino-Japanese intellectual contacts and cross-fertilization, Sinology in Japan and Japanology in China, the origins and use of the Japanese term Shina for China, and encounters of Japanese envoys, pilgrims, and social science researchers with China after 1860. The result is a feast that vastly enriches the field of modern Chinese studies. Modern China and Japan specialists need to read these erudite writings and, then, to recommend them to colleagues and students!

Douglas R. Reynolds, Georgia State University

Joshua Fogels latest book further confirms the authors leading position in the increasingly recognized field of the history of Japanese-Chinese relations. Fluent in both Japanese and Chinese, judicious in assessing both the positive and the negative aspects of Japanese actions in China, Fogel has again shown the central importance of his special field in understanding the histories of both modern China and modern Japan. Thanks to his labors, and those of few others, henceforth no one in either modern histories can publish without at least the awareness of work related to their own across the China Sea. Younger than those long established, Joshua Fogel is now clearly the leading American authority on the history of Sino-Japanese relations of his generation.

Samuel C. Chu, The Ohio State University

The

Cultural

Dimension

of

Sino-Japanese

Relations

Essays on the
Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries

Joshua A. Fogel

An East Gate Book

An East Gate Book

First published 1995 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1995 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices

No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fogel, Joshua A., 1950-

The cultural dimension of Sino-Japanese relations: essays on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries / Joshua A. Fogel

p. cm.

An east gate book.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56324-443-8.ISBN 1-56324-444-6 (pbk.)

1. ChinaRelationsJapan.

2. JapanRelationsChina.

3. ChinaCivilization16441912.

4. JapanCivilization1868

I. Title

DS755.2.F64 1994

303.48251052dc20

94-30251

CIP

ISBN 13: 9781563244445 (pbk)

ISBN 13: 9781563244438 (hbk)

Contents

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The eight essays that comprise this volume are concerned with the interaction between Chinese and Japanese history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They represent an effort to carve out a relatively new field of historical inquiry that does not fit neatly into either modern Chinese or modern Japanese history, but which cannot safely be ignored by either. Some scholars think of this effort as one in comparative history; while that appellation is often accurate, the study of the cultural dimension of Sino-Japanese relations includes far more than comparisons. It is closer to what Professor Akira Iriye has recently dubbed international history.

Although several of these essays have appeared in somewhat different form in earlier work of mine, they have all been gone over closely, typographical and factual errors (of which I am aware) have been corrected, and all Chinese romanizations have been put into pinyin. New references to especially important newer work in the field have been added to the notes. Thanks are due to all the previous publishers for allowing this material to be reprinted in emended form.

Kyoto, 1993

---

What is meant by the rediscovery of some old text, ancient heritage, or person from another era? A whole range of differing circumstances surrounds each of the various entities that we include under this rubric. For instance, the rediscovery par excellence was Dunhuang, where for centuries texts had been preserved in a cave in Gansu Province, apparently without a soul ever having seen them. A less perfect although still exemplary case involved the works of Wang Fuzhi (16191692), the brilliant protonationalist and anti-Manchu hermit from Hunan, whose writings were supposedly unknown for 150 years until Zeng Guofan (18111872) sponsored their republication. Wangs works were not totally unknown during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; in fact, from the research of Chinese scholars in the late 1950s and early 1960s, we know that more than a handful of Chinese scholars saw Wangs writings in manuscript form and commented on them in their own essays throughout this lengthy hiatus. As one eminent sinologist explained to me, It took a big shot like Zeng Guofan to sponsor the publication of so sensitive a writer as Wang.

This essay concerns several even less perfect cases of phenomena heralded, nevertheless, by their promoters as rediscoveries (Chinese zai faxian; Japanese sai hakken)in particular, that of the remarkable eighteenth-century historian and classical scholar Cui Shu (17401816). Cuis works were never lost or sealed in a cave, nor were they remotely anti-Manchu; the importance of his ideas simply had been ignored for a century. Thus, his rediscovery involved the resuscitative efforts of twentieth-century scholars who found contemporary meaning in his writings that had been missed or ignored by other readers for many years. What is especially interesting about the case of Cui Shu is that his rediscovery occurred twiceonce in China and once in Japanunder entirely different circumstances, and it therefore provides us with a fascinating case of comparative sinology. Thus, this essay has the following aims: (1) to present several cases of rediscovery of earlier historians by both Chinese and Japanese historians of this century; (2) to ask why Cui and others were seen as so vital by their revivers; (3) to interpolate possible Sino-Japanese connections; and (4) to discuss the importance of the rediscovery effort itself.

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