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Helena Schrader - The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades: Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations, 1100–1300

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Helena Schrader The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades: Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations, 1100–1300
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The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations 11001300 - image 1

THE

HOLY LAND

IN THE ERA OF THE

CRUSADES

THE HOLY LAND IN THE ERA OF THE CRUSADES


The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations 11001300 - image 2

K

INGDOMS AT THE

C

ROSSROADS OF

C

IVILIZATIONS

, 11001300


HELENA P. SCHRADER


The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations 11001300 - image 3

First published in Great Britain in 2022 by

PEN AND SWORD HISTORY

An imprint of

Pen & Sword Books Ltd

Yorkshire Philadelphia


Copyright Helena P. Schrader, 2022


ISBN 978 1 52678 759 0

eISBN 978 1 52678 760 6

mobi ISBN 978 1 52678 760 6


The right of Helena P. Schrader to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.


A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.


All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.


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Contents Chronology Year Month Event ca 33 Passover Jesus of Nazareth - photo 4
Contents

Chronology


YearMonthEvent
ca. 33PassoverJesus of Nazareth crucified in Jerusalem; start of Christian veneration of the sites of his crucifixion and burial in Jerusalem.
70Destruction of the Second Temple.
135136Expulsion of the Jewish and Christian population from Jerusalem; Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina and paganised; a temple to Venus is built on the site of the crucifixion and resurrection.
326Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, finds what is believed to be the tomb of Christ.
335Construction of a great basilica to mark the site of Christs tomb begins; this church is henceforth known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
613Muhammed begins teaching his new religion in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula.
614A Persian army besieges Jerusalem, which falls after twenty-one days; slaughter of 26,500 Christians and enslavement of ca. 35,000 more; Church of the Holy Sepulchre utterly destroyed.
629Emperor Herakleios regains control of Jerusalem; resettlement and reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre begins; Muhammed, after defeating his enemies in armed conflict, returns on 11 December with his army from Medina where he was in exile.
632JuneMuhammed dies.
634644Muslim conquests of Egypt, Libya, Persia and Syria.
637Muslim forces under Caliph Umar the Great lay siege to Jerusalem; the city falls after a year.
649First Arab attacks on Cyprus.
655Muslims destroy the Byzantine fleet in a naval engagement.
656661War breaks out between Muslim factions resulting in the split of Islam into Shia and Sunni divisions.
678First Muslim siege of Constantinople.
688Muslim troops withdrawn from Cyprus and the island is required to pay tribute to both Constantinople and the caliphate in Baghdad.
698Christian city of Carthage falls to Muslim forces.
711713Muslim conquest of much of the Iberian Peninsula.
713Corsica falls to Muslim forces.
717Second Muslim siege of Constantinople.
73210 OctoberInvading Muslim forces are defeated by the Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours.
746Byzantine forces regain control of Armenia and Syria.
768814Reign of Charlemagne in Europe.
ca. 825Muslim conquest of Crete.
827902Muslim conquest of Sicily.
837Muslim forces raid the Italian peninsula.
846Muslim raiders sack Rome, including St Peters Cathedral.
853Byzantine raids in Egypt.
878Egyptian forces under Shia leader Ahmad ibn Tulun capture Jerusalem from the Abbasid caliphate.
888Muslims establish a base in Provence for raiding throughout the region.
904Sunni Abbasids regain control of Jerusalem.
961Byzantines regain control of Crete.
969Fatimids (Shia Muslims) conquer Jerusalem from the Abbasids a second time; establish Fatimid caliphate in Cairo.
965Byzantines re-establish a presence on Cyprus.
997Muslim raiders pillage the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain.
1009Fatimid caliph al-Hakim orders the destruction of all churches and synagogues in his realm; destruction includes the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
1030Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir authorises the rebuilding of a church on the site of Christs tomb; the second Church of the Holy Sepulchre is built with funding from Byzantium.
1034Pisans launch a raid against Muslim North Africa.
1061Norman conquest of Sicily begins.
106614 OctoberBattle of Hastings; Normans establish their rule in England.
107126 AugustSeljuks, recent converts to Islam, decisively defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert; Normans end Byzantine rule in Italy with the capture of Bari.
1073Seljuks under Emir Atsiz ibn Uvaq capture Jerusalem from the Fatimids.
1074Pope Gregory VII proposes a campaign to liberate Jerusalem and assist the Eastern Roman Empire against the Turks.
1077Jerusalem rebels against Emir Atsiz while he is fighting in Egypt; on his return he massacres the population.
1081Norman invasion of Greece.
1085Alfonso VI, King of Castile, expels the Muslims from Toledo.
1086Christian Antioch falls to the Seljuks.
1087Joint Pisan, Genoese, Roman and Amalfi forces destroy one of the main bases for Arab raiding and piracy in what is now Tunisia.
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