THE
HOLY LAND
IN THE ERA OF THE
CRUSADES
THE HOLY LAND IN THE ERA OF THE CRUSADES
K
INGDOMS AT THE
C
ROSSROADS OF
C
IVILIZATIONS
, 11001300
HELENA P. SCHRADER
First published in Great Britain in 2022 by
PEN AND SWORD HISTORY
An imprint of
Pen & Sword Books Ltd
Yorkshire Philadelphia
Copyright Helena P. Schrader, 2022
ISBN 978 1 52678 759 0
eISBN 978 1 52678 760 6
mobi ISBN 978 1 52678 760 6
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Contents
Chronology
Year | Month | Event |
ca. 33 | Passover | Jesus of Nazareth crucified in Jerusalem; start of Christian veneration of the sites of his crucifixion and burial in Jerusalem. |
70 | Destruction of the Second Temple. |
135136 | Expulsion of the Jewish and Christian population from Jerusalem; Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina and paganised; a temple to Venus is built on the site of the crucifixion and resurrection. |
326 | Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, finds what is believed to be the tomb of Christ. |
335 | Construction of a great basilica to mark the site of Christs tomb begins; this church is henceforth known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. |
613 | Muhammed begins teaching his new religion in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula. |
614 | A Persian army besieges Jerusalem, which falls after twenty-one days; slaughter of 26,500 Christians and enslavement of ca. 35,000 more; Church of the Holy Sepulchre utterly destroyed. |
629 | Emperor Herakleios regains control of Jerusalem; resettlement and reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre begins; Muhammed, after defeating his enemies in armed conflict, returns on 11 December with his army from Medina where he was in exile. |
632 | June | Muhammed dies. |
634644 | Muslim conquests of Egypt, Libya, Persia and Syria. |
637 | Muslim forces under Caliph Umar the Great lay siege to Jerusalem; the city falls after a year. |
649 | First Arab attacks on Cyprus. |
655 | Muslims destroy the Byzantine fleet in a naval engagement. |
656661 | War breaks out between Muslim factions resulting in the split of Islam into Shia and Sunni divisions. |
678 | First Muslim siege of Constantinople. |
688 | Muslim troops withdrawn from Cyprus and the island is required to pay tribute to both Constantinople and the caliphate in Baghdad. |
698 | Christian city of Carthage falls to Muslim forces. |
711713 | Muslim conquest of much of the Iberian Peninsula. |
713 | Corsica falls to Muslim forces. |
717 | Second Muslim siege of Constantinople. |
732 | 10 October | Invading Muslim forces are defeated by the Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours. |
746 | Byzantine forces regain control of Armenia and Syria. |
768814 | Reign of Charlemagne in Europe. |
ca. 825 | Muslim conquest of Crete. |
827902 | Muslim conquest of Sicily. |
837 | Muslim forces raid the Italian peninsula. |
846 | Muslim raiders sack Rome, including St Peters Cathedral. |
853 | Byzantine raids in Egypt. |
878 | Egyptian forces under Shia leader Ahmad ibn Tulun capture Jerusalem from the Abbasid caliphate. |
888 | Muslims establish a base in Provence for raiding throughout the region. |
904 | Sunni Abbasids regain control of Jerusalem. |
961 | Byzantines regain control of Crete. |
969 | Fatimids (Shia Muslims) conquer Jerusalem from the Abbasids a second time; establish Fatimid caliphate in Cairo. |
965 | Byzantines re-establish a presence on Cyprus. |
997 | Muslim raiders pillage the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain. |
1009 | Fatimid caliph al-Hakim orders the destruction of all churches and synagogues in his realm; destruction includes the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. |
1030 | Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir authorises the rebuilding of a church on the site of Christs tomb; the second Church of the Holy Sepulchre is built with funding from Byzantium. |
1034 | Pisans launch a raid against Muslim North Africa. |
1061 | Norman conquest of Sicily begins. |
1066 | 14 October | Battle of Hastings; Normans establish their rule in England. |
1071 | 26 August | Seljuks, recent converts to Islam, decisively defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert; Normans end Byzantine rule in Italy with the capture of Bari. |
1073 | Seljuks under Emir Atsiz ibn Uvaq capture Jerusalem from the Fatimids. |
1074 | Pope Gregory VII proposes a campaign to liberate Jerusalem and assist the Eastern Roman Empire against the Turks. |
1077 | Jerusalem rebels against Emir Atsiz while he is fighting in Egypt; on his return he massacres the population. |
1081 | Norman invasion of Greece. |
1085 | Alfonso VI, King of Castile, expels the Muslims from Toledo. |
1086 | Christian Antioch falls to the Seljuks. |
1087 | Joint Pisan, Genoese, Roman and Amalfi forces destroy one of the main bases for Arab raiding and piracy in what is now Tunisia. |
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