Lothar Gall - Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, Volume 1: 1815-1871

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
GERMAN HISTORY

Volume 14

BISMARCK: THE WHITE
REVOLUTIONARY

BISMARCK: THE WHITE
REVOLUTIONARY
18511871

LOTHAR GALL
TRANSLATED BY J. A. UNDERWOOD

First published in English in 1986 by George Allen & Unwin Ltd

This edition first published in 2020
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1986 English Translation George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-367-02813-8 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-429-27806-8 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-24268-8 (Volume 14) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-28171-6 (Volume 14) (ebk)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

BISMARCK

THE WHITE
REVOLUTIONARY

VOLUME 1
18511871

Lothar Gall

translated from the German by
J. A. Underwood

This translation George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, 1986
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention.
No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved.

Published by the Academic Division of
Unwin Hyman Ltd
1517 Broadwick Street, London W1V 1FP, UK

Unwin Hyman Inc.,
8 Winchester Place, Winchester, Mass. 01890, USA

Allen & Unwin (Australia) Ltd,
8 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia

Allen & Unwin (New Zealand) Ltd in association with the
Port Nicholson Press Ltd,
Compusales Building, 75 Ghuznee Street, Wellington 1, New Zealand

This translation first published in 1986
Originally published under the title
Lothar Gall, Bismarck Der Weisse Revolutionr,
1980 by Verlag Ullstein GmbH, Frankfurt am Main.
First paperback edition 1990

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Gall, Lothar.

Bismarck: the white revolutionary.
1. Bismarck, Otto, Frst von 2. Statesmen
Germany Biography
I. Title
943.080924 DD218
ISBN 0-04-943040-8 (hb) Volume 1
ISBN 0-04-445778-2 (pb)
ISBN 0-04-943053-X (hb) Volume 2
ISBN 0-04-445779-0 (pb)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gall, Lothar.

Bismarck: the white revolutionary.
Contents: v. 1. 18151871 v. 2. 18711898.
Translation of Bismarck.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Bismarck, Otto, Frst von, 18151898. 2. Statesmen
Germany Biography. 3. Germany Politics and
government 18711888. 4. Prussia Politics and
government 18151870. I. Title.
DD218.G2213 1986 943.080924 [B] 8526658
ISBN 0-04-943040-8 (hb) (v. 1)
ISBN 0-04-445778-2 (pb)
ISBN 0-04-943053-X (hb) (v. 2)
ISBN 0-04-445779-0 (pb)

Set in 10 on 12 point Bembo by Oxford Print Associates Ltd
and printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge

for Claudia

We cannot for one moment doubt

that he was a born revolutionary.

For revolutionaries are born

just as legitimists are born,

with a particular cast of mind,

whereas chance alone determines

whether the circumstances of his life

make of the same person

a White or a Red.

Ludwig Bamberger,

Monsieur de Bismarck (1868)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
The Circumstances of his Life:
Bismarck and his Time

PART ONE
In Search of a Way of Life

The parental home His fathers and his mothers worlds His mothers ambition Early polarization of aims in life Gttingen University Arnold Heeren His own generation Motley Awareness of life Examinations The future Aachen First escape Return to his fathers world Justification Prospects Need for religious commitment A feeling of futility Back to the civil service? Reading Marie von Thadden His conversion Johanna von Puttkamer The death of Marie von Thadden Courtship and marriage The significance of religion Basic political ideas Concept of the state Christian pragmatism The problem of responsibility The revolution launches his career

An aristocratic revolution? The future of the Prussian aristocracy Bismarcks position March 1848 Plans for a counter-revolution Conservatism and liberalism The new situation The formation of the right Primacy of interests The Association for the Protection of the Interests of Landed Property The Junker Parliament The Kreuzzeitung Mobilization of the masses Conflicts in the conservative camp Bismarcks personal dilemma Principles of domestic policy Foreign policy The position of the liberals The conservatives Bismarcks approach His relationship to the national idea The German question Poland and Russia The Habsburg monarchy Prussia and Germany Alles beim alten The Prussian national interest Position of Frederick William IV Radowitz Developments in Austria Bruck Prussias Union plan Gotha Bismarcks attitude: the speech of 6 September 1849 Primacy of the power question Realpolitik New view of him in the conservative camp The failure of the Union policy Olmtz Bismarcks Olmtz speech of 3 December 1850 Reorientation Envoy to the Federal Diet

PART TWO
Let Us Rather Undertake Revolution than Undergo It

Politics as the art of the possible The man of the age The practical task The interpretation of his arch-conservative patrons Bismarcks assessment Reception in Frankfurt Relations with Austria A new foreign policy outlined Austria and the Customs Union The clash over Austrias tariff unification plan A conversation with Thun, late November 1851 The foreign policy objective Alternatives? The mission to Vienna, summer 1852 The problems involved Arch-conservatives in Vienna and Berlin Bismarcks opposition Schleswig-Holstein Russia, Prussia, Austria and Europe A conflict policy of calculated risk The European balance of power after 1849-50 The Eastern Question The attitude of Austria The Wochenblatt party in Prussia Bismarcks position Prussian policy The mission to Prince William The danger of political isolation The Treaty of Paris Europe after the Crimean War Bismarcks memorandum of 26 April 1856 Conflict with Austria unavoidable

The discussion with Leopold von Gerlach Napoleon III Principles and interests in international politics Revolution and rule System conservation and social change The position of balance Opportunities and problems A change of political course in Prussia The New Era programme Bismarcks reaction St Petersburg Foreign policy alternatives The alliance with the German people Virtual isolation Zwischenzustand A New Era minister?

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