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John Ryan Fischer - Cattle Colonialism: An Environmental History of the Conquest of California and Hawaii

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Cattle Colonialism: An Environmental History of the Conquest of California and Hawaii: summary, description and annotation

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In the nineteenth century, the colonial territories of California and Hawaii underwent important cultural, economic, and ecological transformations influenced by an unlikely factor: cows. The creation of native cattle cultures, represented by the Indian vaquero and the Hawaiian paniolo, demonstrates that California Indians and native Hawaiians adapted in ways that allowed them to harvest the opportunities for wealth that these unfamiliar biological resources presented. But the imposition of new property laws limited these indigenous responses, and Pacific cattle frontiers ultimately became the driving force behind Euro-American political and commercial domination, under which native residents lost land and sovereignty and faced demographic collapse.
Environmental historians have too often overlooked California and Hawaii, despite the roles the regions played in the colonial ranching frontiers of the Pacific World. In Cattle Colonialism, John Ryan Fischer significantly enlarges the scope of the American West by examining the trans-Pacific transformations these animals wrought on local landscapes and native economies.

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Cattle Colonialism
FLOWS, MIGRATIONS, AND EXCHANGES
Mart A. Stewart and Harriet Ritvo, editors
The Flows, Migrations, and Exchanges series publishes new works of environmental history that explore the cross-border movements of organisms and materials that have shaped the modern world, as well as the varied human attempts to understand, regulate, and manage these movements.
This book was published with the assistance of the Wells Fargo Fund for Excellence of the University of North Carolina Press.
2015 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Set in Miller by Westchester Publishing Services
Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.
Portions of the text were previously published in John Ryan Fischer, Cattle in Hawaii: Biological and Cultural Exchange, Pacific Historical Review 76 (August 2007): 34772.
Jacket illustration: Port of Honolulu (1816), watercolor and graphite on paper by Louis Choris, Honolulu Museum of Art
Complete cataloging information for this title is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4696-2512-6 (pbk: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-2513-3 (ebook)
To Vanessa, Iris, and Caroline
Contents
Illustrations and Table
ILLUSTRATIONS
Ikua Purdy statue,
Neophyte Mission Vaqueros,
Rodeo,
Port dHanarourou,
California Method of Roping Cattle, 1839,
Stone wall on the Big Island,
TABLE
1. Censuses of Mission Cattle in Alta California, 17851802,
Acknowledgments
Many people and institutions have been instrumental in helping me conduct the research and writing of this book over the years. Some of the early research for this book, as well as the intellectual foundation for my exploration of invasive species in history, came from the National Science Foundations generous Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) on Biological Invasions, which I received while at the University of California, Davis. I would especially like to thank Kevin Rice, Carole Hom, and my fellow IGERT trainees. Research support from the UC Davis Agricultural Resource Center allowed me to conduct archival work in Hawaii, and the Huntington Librarys Wilbur R. Jacobs fellowship made possible a valuable stay at that excellent institution. Further funding from UC Davis, including the UC Davis history department, was also instrumental in funding archival research. The archivists and staff at the Huntington Library, the Bancroft Library, the California State Library, the UC Davis Library, the Hawaii State Archives, the Hawaiian Mission Childrens Society, and the Bishop Museum Library all played integral roles in my research as well.
Louis Warren helped me through every stage of this project and provided numerous excellent ideas. Alan Taylor and Andrs Resndez also provided valuable insights, comments, and edits. Conevery Bolton Valencius, Peter Kastor, Clarence Walker, Karen Halttunen, and Eric Rauchway influenced my thinking and development as a historian in seminars and other venues. David Igler, Carolyn Merchant, Virginia DeJohn Anderson, and Matt Chew have provided helpful comments as chairs and/or commenters of conference panels during which I presented some of this work. A particular panel of young historians of Hawaii at the Pacific Coast Branch meeting of the American Historical Association in San Diego was very helpful in my thinking, and I would also like to thank my co-panelists, Seth Archer, Larry Kessler, and Gregory Rosenthal. Robert Chester, Lisbeth Haas, Peter Mills, Joshua Reid, and Kurt Leichtle are among the other colleagues who have offered valuable professional advice, shown me their own work, or provided helpful comments on my work. Editors Susan Wladaver-Morgan and Carl Abbott at the Pacific Historical Review provided useful comments on some of the earliest material I wrote for this project. Id also like to thank the team at the University of North Carolina Press, including my editor, Chuck Grench, who helped to shepherd this book into publication. Andrew Isenberg and an anonymous reviewer gave me essential advice that helped me refine my arguments and improve the manuscript overall.
Last, but far from least, this book would not exist without the love and support of my family. Thanks to my sister, Maggie, for sense of humor and support, and my profoundest thanks to my parents, my mother, Vicki, and my late father, Pete, who gave everything they could to help me achieve my dreams. Thank you to Frank and Carolyn Van Orden, who have been the best in-laws anyone could hope for. Finally, and most importantly, thank you to Vanessa Van Orden, who has been my foundation and inspiration through the long process of working on this book. My two wonderful daughters, Iris and Caroline, were worth every moment of distraction.
Cattle Colonialism
Introduction
In August of 1908, a man named Ikua Purdy roped, threw, and tied a steer in fifty-six seconds at the annual Frontier Days Worlds Steer Roping Championship in Cheyenne, Wyoming, one of the top rodeo events in the United States. This result shocked most of the 12,000 spectators as Purdy beat out local hero Angus MacPhee, a top broncobuster in Buffalo Bills traveling Wild West show. Performances like MacPhees and Purdys in both the Wild West show and the rodeo competition were a driving force in the turn-of-the-century mythologizing of the American frontier. What made this contest unusual was that Ikua Purdy hailed from the Parker Ranch on the Waimea Plains of the island of Hawaii and that he was part Native Hawaiian himself. In fact, Purdys Hawaiian companions, Archie Kaaua and Jack Low, placed third and sixth, respectively, to round out an impressive showing by the distant travelers, who all were paniolo, or Hawaiian cowboys.
The local papers were certainly impressed. The Cheyenne Daily Leader reported that these brown Kanakas from Hawaii provided the big sensation at Frontier Park yesterday, Iku [sic] Purdy and Archie Tiini [sic], lithe youngsters from the far Pacific, invaded the heart of the American cow country and taught the white ropers a lesson in how to handle steers. Nevertheless, the same article expressed reservations about the Hawaiian ropers, who had not yet won their final impressive victory in the competition. It noted that here was something new, the idea of a Hawaiian cowboy defeating a real cowboy at the cowboys own particular game, and the crowd made the most of the novelty. Their performance took the breath from the American cowboys, and [they] are demanding that the whites who are to rope today let slip no opportunity to beat the time of the Honolulu experts.
Ikua Purdy statue commissioned by the Paniolo Preservation Society and sculpted - photo 1
Ikua Purdy statue commissioned by the Paniolo Preservation Society and sculpted by Fred Fellows (photograph by Shawn G. Fackler, 2014)
The paniolo could trace their cattle traditions to the vaqueros of Californias early nineteenth-century missions and ranchos. At the turn of the twentieth century, Californias vaqueros also challenged racial notions of what made real cowboys. As immigrants flooded westward into California at the turn of the century, the states past as a Spanish colony became a point of interest. Writers like Charles Fletcher Lummis and Helen Hunt Jackson romanticized Spanish Californias ranchos and missions, which had thrived on a cattle economy based mainly on Indian labor.
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