Guide
AFRICAN AMERICANS
AND THE
REVOLUTIONARY WAR
BY JUDITH E. HARPER
AFRICAN AMERICANS
AND THE
REVOLUTIONARY
WAR
It was not for their own land they fought,
nor even for a land which had adopted them,
but for a land which had enslaved them.
...Bravery, under such circumstances,
has a peculiar beauty and merit.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
THE BLACK AMERICAN JOURNEY
BY JUDITH E. HARPER
Published by The Childs World
1980 Lookout Drive Mankato, MN 56003-1705
800-599-READ www.childsworld.com
PHOTOS
Cover and page 4: Randy Duchaine/Alamy Stock Photo
Interior: akg-images/Newscom: 27, 29 (right); American Anti-Slavery Society/Library
of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division: 25; Collection of the Smithsonian
National Museum of African American History and Culture: 9; Corbis Historical
via Getty Images, 11, 31; Courtesy of Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston:
26; Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 17; Edward Bookhout
and Felix Octavius Carr Darley/Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs
Division: 20; Everett Collection/Newscom: 15; Library of Congress, Prints and
Photographs Division: 21, 23; MPI/Stringer/Archive Photos via Getty Images:
22; North Wind Picture Archives, 7, 8, 14, 19, 24, 28 (bottom); Percy Moran/
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division: 5; Schomburg Center for
Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The
New York Public Library: 16, 29 (left); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of
John Stewart Kennedy, 1897: 6, 28 (top); World History Archive/Newscom: 13
Copyright 2022 by The Childs World.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
ISBN 9781503854413 (Reinforced Library Binding)
ISBN 9781503854871 (Portable Document Format)
ISBN 9781503855250 (Online Multi-user eBook)
LCCN: 2021930454
Printed in the United States of America
Cover and page 4 caption:
This bronze monument honors
the Black soldiers who fought
in the Revolutionary War.
CONTENTS
Chapter One
THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM, 5
Chapter Two
AFRICAN AMERICAN MINUTEMEN, 10
Chapter Three
IN THE ARMY, 13
Chapter Four
THE WAR IN THE SOUTH, 21
Chapter Five
DID THE WAR BRING AFRICAN AMERICANS
THEIR FREEDOM?, 23
Think About It, 28
Time Line, 28
Glossary, 30
Further Information, 31
Index, 32
Chapter One
THE STRUGGLE FOR
FREEDOM
It was Christmas Day, 1776. The wind howled. An icy rain fell
from gray clouds. General George Washington stood on the
banks of the Delaware River i n
Pennsylvania. He was despera te .
He knew his soldiers must win
the next battle against the
British. One more defeat, and
his army would give up the
fight and go home.
Twenty thousand soldiers
had marched with Washington
during the past year. But
now, most had returned to
their farms and their families.
Only about 2,400 remained.
These soldiers were strong
and loyal. But they were also starving, cold, and sick. If they left
the army, the War for Independence would be over. The dream
of an independent American nation would be lost. The British
would still rule the American colonies .
George Washington at
Valley Forge in 1777.
An enslaved African man named Prince Whipple
was one soldier who did not give up. He was the
bodyguard of General William Whipple, General
Washingtons aide . On that wintry Christmas Night,
Prince Whipple helped row Washingtons army across
the Delaware River.
The next morning, the Americans launched a
surprise attack on Hessian troops at Trenton, New
Jersey. The Hessians were fighting for the British.
These Hessian soldiers were sleepy from their
Christmas celebrations. They did not have a chance
to fight back when the Americans arrived. With the
Battle of Trenton, Washingtons army had a victory at last!
Prince Whipple earned his freedom by serving
in the army. So
did most enslaved
people who joined
the American
military. But not
all those who
served became free.
At the end of the
war, some enslavers
forced their workers
to return to slavery.
Prince Whipple is seen at the front
of General Washingtons boat as it
crosses the Delaware River.
THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM
Prince Whipples wealthy
father sent him to America
when he was 10 years
old. He wanted Prince
to receive an excellent
education. When Princes
boat docked in America,
the captain of the ship
seized the boy. He sold
Prince into slavery. Prince
remained enslaved until
the Revolutionary War
gave him a chance to earn
his freedom.
At least 5,000 Black men and boys served in the
American army during the Revolutionary War. Some were
free, but most were enslaved. Black soldiers were present at
every important battle of the war. They were there when the
first shot was fired at the Battle of Lexington and Concord.
They survived the cold and hunger at Valley Forge. They
helped force the British to surrender at Yorktown. Black
women and girls were there, too. They worked in the army
camps and helped keep the soldiers alive. When the army