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Leonard N. Moore - The Defeat of Black Power: Civil Rights and the National Black Political Convention of 1972

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For three days in 1972 in Gary, Indiana, eight thousand American civil rights activists and Black Power leaders gathered at the National Black Political Convention, hoping to end a years-long feud that divided black America into two distinct camps: integrationists and separatists. While some form of this rift existed within black politics long before the 1968 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his deathand the power vacuum it createdheightened tensions between the two groups, and convention leaders sought to merge these competing ideologies into a national, unified call to action. What followed, however, effectively crippled the Black Power movement and fundamentally altered the political strategy of civil rights proponents. An intense and revealing history, Leonard N. Moores The Defeat of Black Power provides the first in-depth evaluation of this critical moment in American history.
During the brief but highly charged meeting in March 1972, attendees confronted central questions surrounding black peoples involvement in the established political system: reject or accept integration and assimilation; determine the importance or futility of working within the broader white system; and assess the perceived benefits of running for public office. These issues illuminated key differences between integrationists and separatists, yet both sides understood the need to mobilize under a unified platform of black self-determination. At the end of the convention, determined to reach a consensus, officials produced The National Black Political Agenda, which addressed the black constituencys priorities. While attendees and delegates agreed with nearly every provision, integrationists maintained their rejection of certain planks, namely the call for a U.S. constitutional convention and separatists demands for reparations. As a result, black activists and legislators withdrew their support less than ten weeks after the convention, dashing the promise of the 1972 assembly and undermining the prerogatives of black nationalists.
In The Defeat of Black Power, Moore shows how the convention signaled a turning point for the Black Power movement, whose leaders did not hold elective office and were now effectively barred access to the levers of social and political power. Thereafter, their influence within black communities rapidly declined, leaving civil rights activists and elected officials holding the mantle of black political leadership in 1972 and beyond.

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THE DEFEAT OF BLACK POWER
THE DEFEAT OF
BLACK
POWER
CIVIL RIGHTS AND THE
NATIONAL BLACK POLITICAL
CONVENTION OF 1972
LEONARD N. MOORE
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS BATON ROUGE
Published by Louisiana State University Press
Copyright 2018 by Louisiana State University Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing
Designer: Barbara Neely Bourgoyne
Typeface: Chaparral Pro
Printer and binder: Sheridan Books
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Moore, Leonard N., 1971 author.
Title: The defeat of black power : civil rights and the National Black Political Convention of 1972 / Leonard N. Moore.
Description: Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017037431 | ISBN 978-0-8071-6903-2 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 978-0-8071-6904-9 (pdf) | ISBN 978-0-8071-6905-6 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Black powerUnited StatesHistory20th century. | National Black Political Convention (1972 : Gary, Ind.) | African AmericansPolitics and government20th century. | Civil rights movementsUnited StatesHistory20th century. | United StatesRace relations.
Classification: LCC E185.615 .M625 2018 | DDC 323.1196/073dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017037431
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Picture 1
For Leonard R. Moore and Peggy S. Moore
CONTENTS
APPENDIX I
Founding Members of the Congressional Black Caucus
APPENDIX II
National Black Political Convention Support Committee
APPENDIX III
National Black Political Convention Leadership and Committee Chairs
APPENDIX IV
National Black Political Convention State Conveners
APPENDIX V
National Black Political Agenda Research Teams
APPENDIX VI
The Gary Declaration: Black Politics at the Crossroads
APPENDIX VII
Model Pledge for Black Candidates
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book is dedicated to the more than 20,000 undergraduate students I have taught since earning my PhD at The Ohio State University in 1998. There is no greater professional joy than walking into a classroom and seeing five to six hundred eager students ready to engage and learn about the African American experience. I cherish seeing the different groups in my class: black football players sitting in the first few rows; other black students congregating in the middle center; Nigerians in the front left; East Africans in the front right; Latinos in the middle center; white liberals in the back left; white conservatives in the back right; and Asian students sprinkled throughout. The class discussions, debates, and arguments we have in my Race in the Age of Obama class or my class on the Black Power Movement serve as constant reminders of why I became a professor. I also want to thank the special group of students who have gone abroad with me to Beijing or Cape Town. Knowing how impactful these trips have been in the lives of students, many of whom are first-generation university students, is another joy of mine. Every day I spend in the classroom is a learning experience for me. As a believer in reverse mentoring, I want to thank all of you for making me a better husband, father, and friend, someone who tries his best to live out the teachings of the young country brother from Nazareth.
I also want to thank the brothers from the African American Male Research Initiative and the sisters from the Fearless Leadership Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. Over the past few years we have tried our best to create an HBCU culture of care at UT, and when I see the success of so many of our AAMRI/FLI students I am encouraged that we are doing just that.
I am especially grateful to Rand Dotson, my editor at LSU Press, and the rest of the team that guided this project to publication.
I want to thank my family: Mom, Beverly, Kevin, Kevin N., Shayanna, Tre, Reggie, Geoffrey, Gabrielle, Sandra, Michael, Alexis, Uncle Ralph, and Nedra. Also, Aunt Synolve and Iris, who went home to be with the Lord while I was working on this project. Being in Texas, I miss the hours-long political discussions at the dinner table in Cleveland that can stretch into the early hours of the morning. Additionally, Doris and Barbara Bass, my in-laws, have always been a great source of encouragement.
My children, Jaaucklyn, Lauryn, and Len, are a blessing from God. Whether playing family basketball in the driveway, volleyball in the backyard, monopoly, or spades, or exploring the world together, we always have a good time. I am proud to be their father.
Most importantly I want to dedicate this book to my wife Thas. Proverbs 18:22 says that He who findeth a wife findeth a good thing and receives favor from the Lord. She is my good thing.
ABBREVIATIONS
BARTSBlack Arts Theater School
BEOblack elected official
CAPCongress of African People
CBCCongressional Black Caucus
CORECongress of Racial Equality
DSCDemocratic Select Committee
FCCFederal Communications Commission
FECFederal Election Commission
HBCUsHistorically Black Colleges and Universities
IBWInstitute of the Black World
NAACPNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NBPCNational Black Political Convention
NCNWNational Council of Negro Women
PUSHPeople United to Save Humanity
SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference
SECSecurities and Exchange Commission
UAWUnited Auto Workers
THE DEFEAT OF BLACK POWER
INTRODUCTION
In March of 1972 black elected officials, civil rights activists, black integrationists, black nationalists, and Black Power apostles met for three days in Gary, Indiana, looking to end the intense four-year feud that had effectively divided black activists into two broadly defined camps: integrationists and black nationalists. While these tensions always existed within the black freedom struggle, things escalated in the aftermath of Martin Luther Kings assassination on April 4, 1968. As the titular head of the movement, King commanded the respect of Black Power advocates, although they bitterly disagreed with his integrationist approach. Kings death created a leadership void within black America, and civil rights movement veterans, along with black elected officials, fought for this space against those who called themselves black nationalists. Initially called by Amiri Baraka, but later co-opted by members of the newly formed Congressional Black Caucus, the National Black Political Convention (NBPC) would bring together approximately 8,000 people, who included 4,327 official delegates, hundreds of black elected officials, civil rights movement stalwarts, and black nationalists, as they attempted to chart a political strategy to mobilize black political power at the local, county, and state levels, as well as guide themselves through the 1972 election season. One observer noted that the crowd at Gary was evenly split between those who favored working within the system to bring about change (integrationists), and those who preferred to work outside the system, or better yet, dismantle the system (black nationalists).
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