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Stephen Bull - SECOND WORLD WAR INFANTRY TACTICS: The European Theatre

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Stephen Bull SECOND WORLD WAR INFANTRY TACTICS: The European Theatre
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SECOND WORLD WAR INFANTRY TACTICS: The European Theatre: summary, description and annotation

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The poor bloody infantry do the dirty front-line work of war. It bears the brunt of the fighting and often suffers disproportionately in combat in comparison with the other armed forces. Yet the history of infantry tactics is too rarely studied and often misunderstood. Stephen Bull, in this in-depth account, concentrates on the fighting methods of the infantry of the Second World War. He focuses on the infantry theory and the combat experience of the British, German, American and Soviet armies. His close analysis of the rules of engagement, the tactical manuals, the training and equipment is balanced by vivid descriptions of the tactics as they were tested in action. These operational examples show how infantry tactics on all sides developed as the war progressed, and they give a telling insight into the realities of infantry warfare. This accessible and wide-ranging survey is a fascinating introduction to the fighting methods of the opposing ground forces as they confronted each other on the European battlefields of 70 years ago.

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Table of Contents Appendix 1 US Rifle Platoon From the Manual Rifle - photo 1
Table of Contents

Appendix 1
US Rifle Platoon, From the Manual Rifle Battalion , 1940

Command Group

Junior officer: Platoon Leader.

Platoon Sergeant: with rifle, field glasses, compass, and wire cutters.

Platoon Guide: with pistol and signal projector.

Platoon Messengers (x 2): with rifle and shovel or pick mattock.

Basic Privates (for replacements, maximum x 5): with rifles, plus axe, shovel or pick mattock.

Rifle Squads (x 3)

Squad Leader: Sergeant, with rifle, bayonet, wire cutters, field glasses, compass, and signal panel.

Second in Command: Corporal, with rifle, bayonet, axe, compass, and signal panel.

Privates and Privates First Class (x 10): with rifle and bayonet, plus 7 shovels, 3 pick mattocks, and 4 signal panels.

Automatic Rifle Squad (x 1)

Squad Leader, Second in Command, and six men: with field glasses, wire cutters, 2 (or 3) BARs, 4 rifles, 2 pistols, 2 pick mattocks, 4 shovels, and 1 axe.

Maximum Platoon Strength: 54.

Minimum Platoon Strength: 32.

Maximum Armament: 3 BARs, 48 rifles, 3 pistols, and platoon leaders arm.

Appendix 2
US Rifle Company, From the Manual Rifle Battalion , 1940

Company HQ

Command Group: Company Commander, First Sergeant, Communications Sergeant, Bugler, Orderly, 4 Messengers.

Administration and Supply Group: Supply Sergeant, Mess Sergeant, Cooks and assistants, Armourer Artificer, Company Clerk (Corporal).

Each member of HQ armed with rifle or pistol. NCOs of the Command Group and Bugler to have compass and field glasses, Messengers a compass, plus a total of 1 wirecutter, 4 shovels, and 1 pick mattock.

Weapons Platoon (x 1)

Command Group: Platoon Leader, Second in Command, Platoon Sergeant, Transport Corporal, Messengers (x 2), Drivers (x 2) armed with rifles or pistols, and equipped with 1 field glasses and 4 shovels.

Motor Weapons Carrier 1: 60mm mortars (x 3) with 180 rounds, 1 BAR.

Mortar Section: Sergeant, Messenger, 3 Corporals, 3 assistant gunners, 9 ammunition bearers, plus replacements (maximum x 2). All armed with rifles or pistols, and equipped with 1 wire cutters, 4 field glasses, 4 compasses, 3 axes, 2 pick mattocks, and 3 shovels.

Motor Weapons Carrier 2: Light machine guns (x 2) with 6,000 rounds, 1 BAR.

Light Machine Gun Section: Sergeant, Messenger, 2 Corporals, 2 gunners, 2 assistant gunners, 4 ammunition bearers, plus replacements (maximum x 2). All armed with rifles or pistols, plus 1 wirecutters, 3 field glasses, 3 compasses, 2 axes, 1 pick mattock, and 3 shovels.

NB Mortar and Light machine-gun sections could be broken down into squads one weapon and its crew comprising a weapon squad. Machine-gun ammunition was packed into 250-round chests, a gun number off carrier usually carried 1 chest plus other equipment, dedicated ammunition bearers carried 2 chests (500 rounds).

Rifle Platoons (x 3)

Composition as Appendix 1.

Appendix 3
Scale of Ammunition Distribution in German Rifle Companies, From Handbook of the German Army , 1940

Rifle: 90 rounds (40 more in company and battalion reserve).

Machine Pistol: 192 rounds in 6 magazines.

Light Machine Gun: 3,100 rounds (divided between gun team and reserves).

Heavy Machine Gun: 5,250 rounds (divided between company limbers and reserves).

Pistol: 32 rounds.

Ammunition replacement was carried out continuously as required being delivered from transport echelons to the light infantry column, then to battalion and company reserves, and finally to the individual soldier.

Appendix 4
British Issue of Battalion Weapons, Vehicles, and Ammunition, From Provisional War Equipment Table for an Infantry Battalion , 1941

Strength

Battalion comprises: 4 Rifle Companies (4 x 124 personnel); Rifle Companies organised as 3 platoons of 3 sections each.

1 HQ Company (235 personnel including Corps attachments and Carrier Platoon).

1 Battalion HQ (54 personnel).

First-line reinforcements (157 personnel).

Arms and Ammunition

Rifles: 868 .303 SMLE Mk III* or Mk III (or Pattern 1914 Enfield).

Bayonets: 862 (to match the above).

Sniper rifles: 8 No. 3 Mk I (and bayonets).

Bren guns: 58 (with bipod, plus 58 spare barrels and 1,450 magazines).

Bren mounts: 62 (58 tripods, 4 twin AA, plus 8 x 100 round magazines).

Machine Carbines: 42 (Thompson .45, SMG).

Anti-tank Rifles: 25 (Boys .55, plus 200 magazines).

Dischargers: 24 (for rifle grenades).

Mortars 2in: 16 (with 1,152 HE bombs).

Mortars 3 in: 6 (with 936 bombs, smoke and HE).

Pistols: 53 (revolvers).

Signal Pistols: 38 (with 372 cartridges and 360 reserve).

Grenades: 732 (various types).

Ammunition .303: 42,800 rounds (bandolier packed); 70,000 rounds (reserve bandolier packed); 75,000 rounds (general reserve); and 12,000 rounds (tracer).

Ammunition .380: 636 rounds (for revolvers); and 282 rounds (reserve).

Ammunition .45: 25,200 rounds (for Thompson SMG).

Ammunition .55: 6,000 rounds (Boys AT Rifle).

Dummy cartridges: 40 various.

Vehicles

Bicycles: 31.

Cars, two-seater: 6.

Cars, four-seater: 1.

Chaplains car: 1.

Lorries, 30cwt: 1.

Lorries, 3 ton: 13.

Trucks, 15cwt: 32.

Trucks, personnel: 2.

Trucks, water: 1.

Motorcycles (solo): 23.

Motorcycles (combination): 4.

Universal carriers (tracked): 14 (for carrier platoon HQ company).

Universal carriers (tracked): 7 (fitted for 3in mortars HQ company).

Appendix 5
British Combat Section, From the Manual Light Machine Gun , 1942

Section Commander: machine carbine (SMG) with 6 magazines and 3 magazines for Bren, wire cutters, machete or knife, and whistle (total weight carried inclusive of clothing and equipment 65lb).

No. 1 Rifleman: sniper rifle, 50 rounds, bayonet, 4 Bren magazines (weight 61lb).

No. 1 Bomber: rifle, 50 rounds, bayonet, 1 Bren magazine, 2 No. 36 grenades, 2 smoke grenades (weight 61lb).

No. 2 Rifleman: rifle, 50 rounds, bayonet, 4 Bren magazines (weight 61lb).

No. 2 Bomber: rifle, 50 rounds, bayonet, 3 Bren magazine, 2 No. 36 grenades (weight 61lb).

Second in Command: rifle, 50 rounds, bayonet, 2 Bren magazine, 2 smoke grenades (weight 65lb).

No. 1 Bren: Bren gun, 4 Bren magazines, plus 50 rounds, spare parts wallet (weight 75lb).

No. 2 Bren: rifle, 50 rounds, bayonet, 4 Bren magazines in utility pouches (weight 63lb might also carry spare Bren barrel).

NB According to Army Training Memorandum 38 of 1941, the eight-man battle section was usual for action but the higher war establishment was one corporal and ten men. The additional men ensured that the basic strength of one corporal and seven men can be maintained during the absence of personnel due to sickness, leave and other causes... the additional men may be employed on working parties and other duties. In the Instructors Handbook of October 1942 three sections virtually identical to the one given here, plus a platoon HQ, comprised the battle platoon. The HQ consisted of the commander, platoon sergeant, a two-man AT Rifle team, a two-man mortar team, a runner, and a batman who also doubled as mortar-bomb carrier. The platoon was therefore thirty-two all ranks.

Appendix 6
German Infantry Platoon, From The Regimental Officers Handbook of the German Army , 1943
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