Also by Robert Morgan
FICTION
The Blue Valleys
The Mountains Wont Remember Us
The Hinterlands
The Truest Pleasure
The Balm of Gilead Tree
Gap Creek
This Rock
Brave Enemies
POETRY
Zirconia Poems
Red Owl
Land Diving
Trunk & Thicket
Groundwork
Bronze Age
At the Edge of the Orchard Country
Sigodlin
Green River: New and Selected Poems
Wild Peavines
Topsoil Road
The Strange Attractor: New and Selected Poems
October Crossing
NONFICTION
Good Measure: Essays, Interviews, and Notes on Poetry
Boone: A Biography
LIONS of the WEST
HEROES AND VILLAINS
OF THE WESTWARD EXPANSION
ROBERT MORGAN
A Shannon Ravenel Book
Published by
Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill
Post Office Box 2225
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27515-2225
a division of
Workman Publishing
225 Varick Street
New York, New York 10014
2011 by Robert Morgan. All rights reserved.
Published simultaneously in Canada by
Thomas Allen & Son Limited.
Design by Barbara Williams.
eISBN 9781616201197
Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Morgan, Robert, [date]
Lions of the West : heroes and villains of the westward expansion /
Robert Morgan.1st ed.
p. cm.
A Shannon Ravenel Book.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-56512-626-8
1. United StatesTerritorial expansion.
2. West (U.S.)HistoryTo 1848.
3. PioneersUnited StatesBiography. 4. PioneersWest (U.S.)Biography.
5. PresidentsUnited StatesBiography. I. Title.
E179.5M67 2011
978'.02dc23 2011023832
To Mrs. Elizabeth Rogers,
Who taught me American History
THE WEST IN THEIR EYES
of poetry than we imagine diffused through all the classes of the community. And upon this part of the character it is, that the disposition to emigration operates, and brings in aid the influence of its imperceptible but magic power... The notion of new and more beautiful woods and streams, of a milder climate, deer, fish, fowl, game, and all those delightful images of enjoyment, that so readily associate with the idea of the wild and boundless license of new regions; all that restless hope of finding in a new country, and in new views and combinations of things, something we crave but have not. I am ready to believe, from my own experience and from what I have seen in the case of others, that this influence of imagination has no inconsiderable agency in producing emigration.
Timothy Flint, popular nineteenth century writer about the frontier
... possessed of that roving spirit that moved the barbarous hordes of a former age in a far remote north, had swept away whatever stood in the way of its aggrandizement.
Jos Maria Tornel, Mexican secretary of war, 1836
; only biography.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
CONTENTS
LIST OF MAPS
BRIEF CHRONOLOGY OF THE WESTWARD EXPANSION ERA
1743 | Thomas Jefferson born April 13 in Albemarle County, Virginia. |
1749 | Peter Jefferson, father of Thomas, and Joshua Fry survey boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina. |
1760 | Thomas Jefferson studies at College of William and Mary. |
1762 | Thomas Jefferson reads law with George Wythe. |
1767 | Andrew Jackson born March 15 at Waxhaw on North Carolina- South Carolina border. John Quincy Adams born July 11 in Braintree, Massachusetts. |
1769 | Thomas Jefferson elected to Virginia House of Burgesses. |
1774 | John Chapman born September 26 in Leominster, Massachusetts. Jefferson publishes A Summary View of the Rights of British America. |
1775 | American Revolution begins April 19 with battles at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. Jefferson serves as delegate to Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Daniel Boone cuts trace through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. |
1776 | Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence. |
1777 | Battles of Saratoga in New York: Freemans Farm, September 19; Bemis Heights, October 7. Washington moves his army into winter quarters at Valley Forge. |
1779 | Joel Roberts Poinsett born March 2 in Charleston, South Carolina. |
1780 | Battle of Kings Mountain, South Carolina, October 7. |
1781 | John Quincy Adams serves with legation in St. Petersburg, Russia. Jefferson writes to George Rogers Clark in Kentucky asking for large fossil bones. Jefferson begins Notes on the State of Virginia. Battles of Cow- pens, South Carolina, January 17. British surrender at Yorktown, October 17. |
1782 | Martha Randolph Jefferson dies September 6. |
1783 | Treaty of Paris, September 3. Jefferson returns to Continental Congress where he helps draft Ordinance for Government of Northwest Territories. |
1784 | Alexander McGillivray concludes Creek treaty with Spain. Zachary Taylor born November 24 in Virginia. |
1785 | Jefferson succeeds Franklin as minister to France, meets Buffon and other French scientists. Publishes Notes on the State of Virginia. |
1786 | Winfield Scott born June 13 near Petersburg, Virginia. David Crockett born August 17 in State of Franklin. |
1787 | Andrew Jackson admitted to bar in North Carolina. John Ledyard sets out to walk across Russia and then North America. |
1788 | Andrew Jackson moves west to Nashville, meets Rachel Robards whom he will later marry. |
1790 | Jefferson becomes Secretary of State in Washingtons cabinet, begins quarreling with Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists. |
1793 | Sam Houston born March 2 near Lexington, Virginia. Jefferson commissions Andr Michaux to explore the West and resigns from Cabinet. |
1794 | Jays Treaty bitterly opposed by Jefferson and others. Battle of Fallen Timbers, August 20, near Toledo. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna born in Mexico. |
1795 | James Knox Polk born November 2 in Pineville, North Carolina. |
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