Bethanne Kelly Patrick - Native American languages

NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES

Bethanne Kelly Patrick

NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE

E UROPEANS AND N ATIVE A MERICANS

H OMES OF THE N ATIVE A MERICANS

H UNTING WITH THE N ATIVE A MERICANS

N ATIVE A MERICAN C ONFEDERACIES

N ATIVE A MERICAN C OOKING

N ATIVE A MERICAN F AMILY L IFE

N ATIVE A MERICAN F ESTIVALS AND C EREMONIES

N ATIVE A MERICAN H ORSEMANSHIP

N ATIVE A MERICAN L ANGUAGES

N ATIVE A MERICAN M EDICINE

N ATIVE A MERICAN R ELIGIONS

N ATIVE A MERICAN R IVALRIES

N ATIVE A MERICAN S PORTS AND G AMES

N ATIVE A MERICAN T OOLS AND W EAPONS

W HAT T HE N ATIVE A MERICANS W ORE

NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES

Bethanne Kelly Patrick

Native American horsemen send a smoke signal from a rocky outcrop by waving a bundle of smoldering twigs in the air. Many tribes had distinct and creative ways of communicating.

SENIOR CONSULTING EDITOR DR. TROY JOHNSON
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AND AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Patrick, Bethanne Kelly.

Native American languages / Bethanne Kelly Patrick.

pages cm. (Native American life)

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4222-2972-9 (hc)
ISBN 978-1-4222-8859-7 (ebook)

1. Indians of North AmericaLanguagesJuvenile literature. I. Title.

PM206.P37 2013
497dc23

2013007467

Native American Life series ISBN: 978-1-4222-2963-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

For hundreds of years the dominant image of the Native American has been that of a stoic warrior, often wearing a full-length eagle feather headdress, riding a horse in pursuit of the buffalo, or perhaps surrounding some unfortunate wagon train filled with innocent west-bound American settlers. Unfortunately there has been little written or made available to the general public to dispel this erroneous generalization. This misrepresentation has resulted in an image of native people that has been translated into books, movies, and television programs that have done little to look deeply into the native worldview, cosmology, and daily life. Not until the 1990 movie Dances with Wolves were native people portrayed as having a human persona. For the first time, native people could express humor, sorrow, love, hate, peace, and warfare. For the first time native people could express themselves in words other than ugh or Yes, Kemo Sabe. This series has been written to provide a more accurate and encompassing journey into the world of the Native Americans.

When studying the native world of the Americas, it is extremely important to understand that there are few universals that apply across tribal boundaries. With over 500 nations and 300 language groups the worlds of the Native Americans were diverse. The traditions of one group may or may not have been shared by neighboring groups. Sports, games, dance, subsistence patterns, clothing, and religion differedgreatly in some instances. And although nearly all native groups observed festivals and ceremonies necessary to insure the renewal of their worlds, these too varied greatly.

Of equal importance to the breaking down of old myopic and stereotypic images is that the authors in this series credit Native Americans with a sense of agency. Contrary to the views held by the Europeans who came to North and South America and established the United States, Canada, Mexico, and other nations, some Native American tribes had sophisticated political and governing structuresthat of the member nations of the Iroquois League, for example. Europeans at first denied that native people had religions but rather worshiped the devil, and demanded that Native Americans abandon their religions for the Christian worldview. The readers of this series will learn that native people had well-established religions, led by both men and women, long before the European invasion began in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Gender roles also come under scrutiny in this series. European settlers in the northeastern area of the present-day United States found it appalling that native women were treated as drudges and forced to do the mens work in the agricultural fields. They failed to understand, as the reader will see, that among this group the women owned the fields and scheduled the harvests. Europeans also failed to understand that Iroquois men were diplomats and controlled over one million square miles of fur-trapping area. While Iroquois men sat at the governing council, Iroquois clan matrons caucused with tribal members and told the men how to vote.

These are small examples of the material contained in this important series. The reader is encouraged to use the extended bibliographies provided with each book to expand his or her area of specific interest.

Dr. Troy Johnson
Professor of History and American Indian Studies
California State University

A statue of Chief Seattle stands near the Seattle Center in Washington State. Chief Seattle was the leader of the Suquamish people at the time Europeans began to colonize the Northwest coast.

The six-year-old boy hid in the reeds near his home camp to watch the unknown vessel approach. The year was 1792, and the place was an island harbor in the Puget Sound. The boy was a member of the Suquamish tribe of the Salish Indian people, named Sealth (pronounced SEE-elth). Sealths father, Schweabe, was the tyee, or chief, of the Suquamish tribe, who lived on what is now Bainbridge Island.

Sealth lived in a world that had not seen outsiders for decades, if ever. The Salish Indians occupied area in the Pacific Northwest that is among the most fertile and temperate of the continent. Heavily wooded lands and rainy weather meant that the Salish people could hunt game, such as deer and bear, fish for plentiful salmon, and harvest the many fruits that flourish in the region. While Sealths tribe lived in huts that looked poor and inadequate to European explorers, the tribe had enough for its needs.

Sealths mother, Politza, was the daughter of a Duwamish chieftain. However, children lived with their fathers people, which is why Sealth lived on Suquamish lands.

The unknown vessel approaching a harbor at Bainbridge Island was the H.M.S.