John Evans - X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for the Chemical and Materials Sciences

1. Chapter 02
2. Chapter 03
3. Chapter 04

1. Chapter 01
2. Chapter 02
3. Chapter 03
4. Chapter 04
5. Chapter 05
6. Chapter 06

John Evans

Professor Emeritus, University of Southampton, UK
Visiting Scientist, Diamond Light Source, UK

This edition first published 2018
2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Names: Evans, John, 1949 June 2 author.
Title: Xray absorption spectroscopy for the chemical and materials sciences / Professor, John Evans, Chemistry, University of Southampton, UK, Diamond Light Source, UK.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017024956 (print) | LCCN 2017027875 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118676172 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118676189 (epub) | ISBN 9781119990918 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119990901 (paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: Xray spectroscopy.
Classification: LCC QD96.X2 (ebook) | LCC QD96.X2 E93 2018 (print) | DDC 543/.62dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017024956

Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Sound Waves on Water: Sunny/Getty Images; Duck Images provided courtesy of John Evans

John Evans hails from Newcastle upon Tyne. He studied Chemistry at Imperial College, London, and carried out his PhD at the University of Cambridge supervised by Lord (Jack) Lewis and Brian Johnson. His postdoctoral research was at Princeton University, with Jack Norton, and then with ICI and Royal Society Pickering Research Fellowships back at Cambridge. He moved with the Pickering Fellowship to Southampton in 1976, became a lecturer in 1978, and a professor in 1990. He is now an emeritus professor there. He was science program advisor at the Diamond Light Source Ltd from 2002 to 2007. His experience in applying XAFS spectroscopy to chemical problems extends over 35 years; his research group has carried out experiments at the SRS, ESRF, SLS, Hasylab, Diamond, and APS.

This is a textbook aimed at masterslevel students, including fourthyear UK MSci degrees, of the chemical and related sciences suitable as an introductory text for PhD students embarking on xray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. The background should also appeal to established scientists from other fields (environmental, life, and engineering sciences), wishing to assess the potential of xray spectroscopy for their science. The chapters progress initially through the history and principles of XAFS. The next two chapters deal with experimental design: first, light sources and beamlines and then at the experimental station itself. provides the background to the methods of extracting and using the results in materials and chemical analyses. The final chapter provides a series of case studies to illustrate a variety of applications. Each chapter concludes with a set of problems. There is a strong emphasis on the need to make the right choices for experimental design, and guidance provided to do so.

John Evans

Southampton UK

April 2017

I wish to thank all the members of my former research group for their talents and dedication in pursuing some optimistic experiments for 24/7 periods with food of varying desirability. Much of the developments came with collaborations that extended beyond a single position and with staff members from other institutions: Neville Greaves, Andy Dent, Sofia DiazMoreno, Norman Binsted, Trevor Gauntlett, Fred Mosselmans, Judith Corker, Steven Fiddy, Mark Newton, Moniek Tromp, Peter Wells, and Stuart Bartlett. Judiths loss to leukemia in 1998 remains a deep sadness. The book builds on the immense expertise of those who design, construct, develop, and operate these great acceleratorbased light sources. Advances in science, technology medicine, and cultural heritage owe much to them.

In the writing of the book, I have been helped greatly by staff at Diamond and colleagues for providing raw data and graphics. Special thanks go to Stuart Bartlett, Andrew Hector, Fred Mosselmans, Sofia DiazMoreno, Roberto Boada Romero, Sarnjeet Dhesi, and Liz Duke. I am grateful, too, for the support of the CEOs of Diamond Light Source, Gerd Materlik, and Andrew Harrison, and also from EPSRC in the form of the Dynamic Structural Science and Catalysis Hub consortia at the Research Complex at Harwell. I am grateful for the confidence shown in this project by Jenny Cossham at Wiley and the continued patience of the staff at Wiley through the years. Inevitably, this has impacted on my family the most. Without the support of my wife, Hilary, and our daughters, Beccy and Lisa, and their families, this would not have reached fruition.